ILLINOIS  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


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* 


ILLINOIS  GEOLOGICAL 
SURVEY  LIBRARY 
FEB     5    1973 


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ILLINOIS 


State   Geological  Survey 


BULLETIN  NO.  3, 


Composition  and  Character  of  Illinois  Coals, 

By  S.  W.  PARR, 

With  Chapters  on  the 
Distribution  of  the  Coal  Beds  of  the  State, 

By  A.  BEMENT. 

AND 

Tests  of  Illinois  Coals  Under  Steam  Boilers, 

Bv  L.  P.  Breckenrtdge. 


URBAN A: 

University  of  Illinois. 

1906. 


SPRINGFIELD: 
Illinois  State  Journal  Co.,  State  Printers 

1  906 


STATE  GEOLOGICAL  COMMISSION. 


GrOVEBNOB  C.  S.  Deneen,  Chairman. 
Professor  T.  C.  Ohambeblin,    V ice-Chairman. 
President  Edmund  J.  James.  Secretary. 

H.  Foster  Bain,  Director. 


CONTENTS. 


Pagm. 

List  of  Illustrations 7 

Letter  of  transmittal 9 

Distribution  of  the  coal  beds  of  the  State.    By  A.  Bement 19 

Composition  and  character  of  Illinois  coals.    By  S.  W.  Parr 27 

Composition 27 

Introduction  27 

Decomposition  by  decay 2* 

Decomposition  by  destructive  distillation 28 

Volatile  matter 31 

Available  hydrogen 37 

Variations  from  the  bituminous  type 41 

Inert  volatile  matter 46 

Classification  of  coals 49 

Outline  of  proposed  classification  of  coals  52 

Application  to  coals  tested  at  St.  Louis 53 

Methods  of  analysis 55 

Total  carbon 55 

Fixed  carbon 56 

Sulphur 59 

Calorific  values 64 

Tests  with  Illinois  coals  under  steam  boilers.    By  L.  P.  Breckenridge 79 

Index 85 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATES. 

Page. 

1.  Outline  map  of  coal  measures  of  Illinois 11 

2.  Sketch  map  of  State  showing  production  by  counties.  1905 15 

3.  Map  showing  areas  underlain  by  various  coal  beds.     By  A.  Bement 19 

4.  Comparison  of  volatile  matter  in  semi-bituminous  coal,  Illinois  coal  and  lignite 34 

5.  Weight  of  carbon  in  variable  amounts  of  carbon  dioxide 56 


FIGl'RES. 

1.  Growth  of  coal  production  in  Illinois 13 

2.  Loss  by  decomposition  in  coal  formation 28 

3.  Loss  by  various  geological  processes  in  coal  formation  29 

4  Composition  in  volatile  matter  in  semi-bituminous  (Pocahontas  i  coal 32 

5.  Composition  of  volatile  matter  in  Illinois  coal 33 

6.  Composition  of  volatile  matter  in  lignite 33 

7.  Curves,  illustrating  the  percentage  ratio  of  hydrogen  to  volatile  carbon  in  coal  and 

in  compounds  of  the  paraffin  series 39 

8.  Curve  for  calculating  the  available  hydrogen  in  coal 40 

9.  Comparison  of  the  values  of  available  hydrogen  as  determined  by  various  methods..  46 

10.  Apparatus  for  total  carbon  determination 55 

11.  Coking  furnace  for  laboratory  investigations 58 

12.  Section  through  coking  furnace 59 

13.  Photometer  for  sulphur  determinations 61 

14.  Curve  for  sulphur  readings 63 

15.  Parr  calorimeter 65 

16.  Calorimeter  bomb 67 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


State  Geological  Survey, 

University  of  Illinois, 

Urbana,  July  1,  1906. 

Governor  C.  S.  Deneen,  Chairman*  and  Members  of  the  Geolog- 
ical Commission. 

Gentlemen — I  submit  herewith  a  report  upon  the  composition  and 
character  of  Illinois  coals  by  Professor  S.  W.  Parr,  of  the  State 
University,  consulting  chemist  of  the  Survey,  and  respectfully  rec- 
ommend its  publication  as  a  bulletin  of  the  Survey.  With  Professor 
Parr's  report  are  chapters  upon  the  distribution  of  the  coal  beds  of 
Illinois  by  Mr.  A.  Bement,  consulting  engineer,  and  on  tests  with 
Illinois  coals  under  steam  boilers  by  Professor  L.  P.  Breckenridge,  of 
the  State  University  and  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station.  The 
whole  of  this  report  is  in  a  large  sense  preliminary  and  the  results 
here  given  are  to  be  considered  essentially  tentative.  It  constitutes 
a  summary  of  the  best  information  now  available.  The  Survey  has 
been  in  operation  for  such  a  short  time  that  it  would  be  quite  im- 
possible to  present  any  such  report  on  the  basis  of  its  own  investi- 
gations. There  have,  however,  been  so  many  and  such  insistent  calls 
for  information  regarding  Illinois  coals  that  it  was  thought  wise  to 
prepare  this  report  for  immediate  use.  The  Survey  is  under  great 
obligations  to  Professors  Parr  and  Breckenridge  and  to  the  University 
for  permitting  the  use  of  material  already  accumulated.  These  por- 
tions of  the  report  should  be  considered  the  results  of  co-operation 
between  the  Survey,  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  and  the 
Department  of  Applied  Chemistry  of  the  University. 

Professor  Parr's  studies  of  Illinois  coals  began  several  years  ago. 
Preliminary  statements  of  results  have  been  published  in  bulletins 
of  the  bureau  of  labor  statistics*  and  of  the   University. f      In  the 

*  Chemical  analysis  and  heating  value  of  Illinois  coals,  by  S.  W.  Parr,  Hull.,  Bureau  of  Labor 
Statistics.     David  Koss,  Secretary,  Twentieth  Ann.  coal  report,  17  pages,  1902. 

f  The  coals  of  Illinois;  their  composition  and  analyses,  by  S.  W.  Parr,  University  of  Illinois, 
bulletin,  Vol.  I.,  No.  20,  40  pages,  1904. 

9 


10  COMPOSITION    OE    ILLINOIS   COALS.  bull.  3. 

former  were  given  the  results  of  260  proximate  analyses  of  samples 
variously  collected.  In  the  second  the  results  were  based  upon  150 
car  samples  collected  mainly  by  the  State  Mine  Inspectors.  The 
samples  in  the  latter  case  were  shipped  in  canvas  bags,  and  there  is 
accordingly  no  means  of  determining  the  original  moisture  content- 
The  results  are  not  altogether  satisfactory  and  steps  have  already 
been  taken  to  collect  a  new  set  of  samples  upon  which  future  inves- 
tigations may  be  made.  In  the  meantime  to  determine  exactly  what 
investigations  should  be  taken  up  and  what  methods  should  be  fol- 
lowed, the  old  samples  have  been  re- investigated.  Much  more  in- 
formation is  needed  regarding  the  real  nature  of  coal  and  the  state  of 
combination  of  its  elements.  Professor  Parr's  earlier  results  had 
shown  that  coals  of  the  same  composition,  as  measured  by  ultimate 
and  proximate  analyses,  might  differ  greatly  in  character  and  adapta- 
bility because  of  the  different  sorts  of  bond  existing  between  the 
carbon,  hydrogen  and  other  elements,  It  is  important  to  know  what 
these  combinations  are  and  to  devise  a  ready  method  of  determining 
them.  The  old  samples  were  therefore  partially  reanalyzed  and  a 
considerable  number  of  additional  determinations  made.  A  new 
classification  of  coals  has  been  developed  which  is  believed  to  repre- 
sent a  distinct  advance.  In  the  present  bulletin  this  classification  is 
applied  to  a  large  number  of  existing  analyses.  It  is  believed  that 
the  method  here  worked  out  will  prove  useful  in  directing  attention 
to  certain  little  understood  elements  of  coal,  and  that  with  a  more 
complete  understanding  of  the  material  it  will  prove  possible  not  only 
to  burn  it  with  greater  economy  but  also  to  adapt  various  grades  to 
coke  making,  gas  producing  and  other  uses  from  which  they  are  now 
shut  out. 

The  coal  fields  of  Illinois  constitute  the  State's  most  important 
mineral  resource.  Extending  as  they  do  for  275  miles  in  a  north - 
south  direction,  and  225  miles  from  east  to  west,  they  include  ap- 
proximately 42,900  square  miles,  a  larger  area  than  is  included  in 
the  coal  fields  of  any  other  American  state.  They  constitute  a  part, 
albeit  the  largest  part,  of  the  eastern  interior  coal  field,  which  oc- 
cupies a  great  shallow  structural  basin  in  Illinois,  southwestern 
Indiana  and  western  Kentucky.  The  rocks  belong  to  the  Coal 
Measures  of  the  Carboniferous,  and  are  separable  into  three  di- 
vision: (a)  Upper  or  Barren  Coal  Measures;  (b)  Lower  or  Pro- 
ductive Coal  Measures;  (c)  The  Millstone  grit  or  Lansfield  sand- 
stone. On  the  accompanying  map,  plate  1,  the  Upper  and  Lower 
Coal  Measures  are  shown;  the  Mansfield  sandstone  being  mapped 
with  the  er.  Near  Danville  there  is  a  limited  area  of  Permian 
beds,  but  this  is  not  discriminated  on  the  map.     The  productive  beds 


ILLINOIS  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


Hull.  No.  3  PI.  1. 


bain.]  LETTER    OF    TRANSMITTAL.  11 

are  found  in  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  but  are  extensively  mined 
within  the  area  of  outcrop  of  the  upper  measures  by  sinking  through 
the  latter. 

In  the  reports  of  the  older  Geological  Survey,  16  coal  beds  were 
recognized,  of  which  beds  1  to  7  are  commonly  worked.  The  de- 
velopments of  recent  years  have  raised  certain  questions  regarding 
the  accuracy  of  this  general  section  and  the  correlation  of  particular 
beds.  It  will  be  the  work  of  the  present  Survey  to  determine  as  cor- 
rectly as  possible  the  true  position  and  extent  of  each  bed.  To  serve 
present  purposes  the  map  constituting  plate  3  is  presented.  On  this 
map  is  shown  the  distribution  of  the  various  coal  beds  as  determined 
by  Mr.  A.  Bement.  In  the  accompanying  paper  Mr.  Bement  explains 
the  data  upon  which  the  map  is  constructed.  As  he  states,  the 
numbers  as  now  used  are  essentially  local  names  and  very  little  re- 
liance can  be  placed  upon  the  supposed  correlations  between  dis- 
tricts. Mr.  Bement  rather  than  the  Survey  is  responsible  for  this 
presentation  of  the  subject.  We  are  under  great  obligation  to  him  for 
preparing  it  as  well  as  for  a  lively  interest  in  the  whole  investigation 
and  many  helpful  suggestions. 

Not  only  is  the  coal  field  of  Illinois  the  most  extensive  in  any  of 
the  states  but  it  was  the  first  to  attract  attention,  and  its  development 
of  recent  years  has  been  remarkable.  Mr.  E.  W.  Parker*  summarizes 
the  history  of  the  field  as  follows : 

"Probably  the  earliest  mention  of  coal  in  the  United  States  is  con- 
tained in  the  journal  of  Father  Hennepin,  a  French  Missionary,  who. 
as  early  as  1679  reported  a  'cole'  mine  on  the  Illinois  river  above  Fort 
Crevecoeur,  near  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Ottawa.  Father  Hen- 
nepin marked  the  location  of  the  occurrence  on  the  map  which  illus- 
trates his  journal.  It  is  probable  that  outside  of  anthracite  mining 
in  Pennsylvania  and  the  operations  in  the  Richmond  basin  of  Vir- 
ginia, Illinois  holds  the  record  of  priority  in  production.  The  earliest 
statement  we  have  in  regard  to  actual  mining  in  Illinois,  is  that  coal 
was  produced  in  Jackson  county  in  1810  from  a  point  on  the  Big 
Muddy  river.  A  flatboat  was  loaded  with  coal  at  this  place  and  shipped 
to  New  Orleans,  but  the  amount  was  not  stated.  Again  it  is  re- 
ported that  in  1832  several  boat  loads  were  sent  from  the  same  vicin- 
ity to  the  same  market.  Another  record  is  found  stating  that  150.- 
000  bushels  (or  6,000  tons)  of  coal  were  mined  in  1833  in  St.  Clair 
county  and  hauled  by  wagons  to  St.  Louis.  From  1840  to  1860  the 
bureau  of  statistics  of  the  State  is  without  any  reliable  data  in  re- 
gard to  the  coal  mining  industry,  although  some  scattering  statistics 
are  found  in  the  geological  reports  published  by  the  government. 

*  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States,  1904,  pp.  471-472. 


12 


COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS   COALS. 


[BULL  3. 


The  table  following  shows  the  statistics  of  coal  production  in  Illi- 
nois from  1833  to  ]  904,  inclusive,  and  for  the  years  for  which  there  is 
no  special  information  the  production  has  been  estimated  by  the 
writer." 

Coal  production  of  Illinois,  1833-1904. 


(Short 

tons.) 

Year. 

Quantity. 

Year. 

Quantity. 

1833 

6,000 

7,500 

8.000 

10,000 

12,500 

14,000 

15,038 

16.967 

35,000 

58,000 

75,000 

120,000 

150  000 

165, 000 

180  000 

200,000 

260,000 

300, 000 

320,000 

340,000 

375,000 

385.000 

400,000 

410.000 

450,000 

490,000 

530,000 

728,400 

670,000 

780,000 

890.000 

1,000.000 

1,260,000 

1,580,000 

1,800,000 

2,000,000 

1869 

1,854,000 

1834 

1870a  

2,624,163 

1835              

1871... 

3,000.000 

1836     

1872 

3, 3G0. 000 

1837 

1873 

3,920,000 

1838 

1874 

4,203,000 

1839              

1875     . 

4,453.178 

1840a  

1876 

5,000,000 

1841   

1877 

5,350,000 

1842     

1878 

5.  700.  (00 

1843      

1879 

5, 000, 000 

1844                 

1880 

6.  115,377 

1845                     

1881 

6,7-0,000 

1846                                            

1882 

9,114.653 

1847     .                                     

1883 , 

12,123,456 

1848 

1884 

12,208,075 

1849 

1885 

11,824,459 

1850                            

1886 

ll,17\34l 

1851 

1887 

15,423.066 

1852 

1888 

14.328,181 

1853 

1889 

12,104,272 

1854 

1890 

15,292,-120 

185") 

1891 

14,6(10,698 

1856 

1892 

1893... 

17,862,296 

1857 

19.919,564 

1858 

1894 

17.113,576 

1859     .                       

1895 

1896 

17,735,864 

1860a  

19,786,626 

1861 

1897 

20, 072, 758 

1862 ...                         

1898  

18,599,299 

1863                     

1899 

24,439,019 

1900 

25,767.981 

1901 

27,331,552 

1866     . 

1902 

32,939,373 

1867 . . . 

1903 

36,957,104 

1868 

1904 

36,475,060 

a  United  States  Census,  fiscal  year. 


The  growth  in  production  is  shown  graphically  in  figure  1,  based 
upon  the  data  of  the  preceding  table  to  which  is  added  the  produc- 
tion of  1905.  The  detailed  figures  for  the  latter  year  are  given  be- 
low. These  figures  for  the  calendar  year  are  from  statistics  collected 
by  Mr.  Frank  Van  Horn,  of  this  Survey,  in  co-operation  with  the  U. 


[BAIN. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


13 


S.  Geological  Survey.  For  the  sake  of  comparison  the  production 
for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1905.  is  also  given.  The  figures 
were  collected  by  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  and  are  published 
through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  David  Ross,  Secretary. 


FiF.  1— Growth  of  coal  production  in  Illinois  1833-1905.    Horizontal  spaces  represent  years; 

vertical  spaces,  million  tons. 


14 


COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS   COALS. 


[BULL.  3 


Coal  Production  of  Illinois  in  1905. 


Count  iks. 

Fiscal  Year 

Ending  June 

30,  1905. 

Calendar  Year  1905. 

■a  o  3 

Tonnage. 

Tonnage. 

Value. 

5cn 

Bond 

129,815 

1,606 

1,751,875 

1 

Brown 

Bureau 

Calhoun 

1,699,268 

$2,416,807  00 

17 
1 

Cass 

2,590 

857,890 

904,826 

5, 550 

136,788 

1,439.489 

76,629 

14,659 

1,326,109 

200 

879,360 
579, 281 

970, 852  00 
516,268  00 

8 

Clinton 

7 

Edgar 

Franklin 

Fulton 

225,980 

1,519,049 

77.010 

222, 829  00 

1,760,246  00 

76,473  00 

3 

26 
5 

2 

Grundy 

Hamilton 

1,311,542 

2,097,952  00 

23 

j 

Henry. 

Jackson  

Jefferson  

159,019 
802, 101 

147,095 
818,841 

231,230  00 
1,004,875  00 

18 
14 

Jersey  

3,141 

2,400 

700 

68,981 

1,696,853 

244,394 

384.288 

196,628 

2,530,840 

2,987,906 

1,086  330 

510,968 

43,944 

175,010 

448,433 

544,220 

468,198 

Johnson  

Knox 

60,330 

1,780,438 

272,418 

445, 546 

231,2% 

3,214,473 

3,179.162 

1,009,759 

499,672 

22,299 

159,921 

415,266 

532,854 

598,064 

70,904  00 

2,685,098  00 

378, 783  00 

470, 523  00 

359,228  00 

2,982,855  00 

2,748,035  00 

906,656  00 

703,607  00 

36,961  00 

246, 552  00 

414,490  00 

687,539  00 

571,522  00 

20 

LaSalle 

Livingston 

Logan 

27 
8 
4 
5 

20 

30 

6 

Marshall 

McDonough 

McLean  

6 
8 
3 

M  enard 

Mercer 

Montgomery  

Morgan ....   

13 

13 

6 

2 

Peoria 

Perry 

904,892 

1,268,718 

42,964 

506, 547 

78, 784 

427, 262 

4,395,050 

21,470 

14,876 

121,212 

38,431 

3,398,032 

235,001 

2,618,375 

17,486 

825,264 
1,385,291 

942,130  00 
1,241,685  00 

40 

28 

Randolph 

Rock  Island 

Saline 

433,623 

53, 582 

281,461 

4,696,363 

3.355 

13, 423 

104,216 

19,013 

3,611,161 

225,573 

2,291,266 

9,330 

396,631  00 

94.110  00 

268.083  00 

4,306,002  00 

5,933  00 

24.195  00 

173,639  00 

33,745  00 

3,022,569  00 

256,546  00 

2,205,622  00 

19,253  00 

10 

8 

36 

Schuyler 

Scott 

Shelby 

Stark 

St.  Clair 

Tazewell  

Vermilion  

Warren 

Washington..        

3 
3 

8 
8 
78 
11 
46 
3 
•> 

White .     . 

1,000 
128,751 

Will 

137,957 

236,256  00 

4 

35 

9 

Bond  | 

Calhoun 1 

Greene 1 

Hancock i 

Jefferson f 

Morgan l 

390, 846 
37,183,374 

377,323 

437.412  00 

Woodford J 

Totals 

38,081.574 

-$39,754,071  00 

630 

ILLINOIS  OLOLOOICAL  SURVEY. 


Bull.  No.  3  PI.  2. 


ILLINOIS 
1906 


^ 


Map  showing  relative  intensity  of  coal  production  by  counties.    (1)    Over  4,OCO.00O  short 
(2)  3,000.000   to  4.000.000:    (31  2.000.000  to  3.000.000;     (4)    1,000.000  to   2.000.000;    (">)  100,000  to 
1,0(10.000:   iHi  10,000  to  100,000:  (7)   Lnder  10,000. 


[Baix]  letter  of  transmittal  15 

The  present  intensity  of  production  in  the  various  counties  is  shown 
graphically  in  plate  2,  which  is  based  on  the  figures  for  the  fiscal  year 
given  above.  As  indicated  by  the  table  the  map  would  be  changed 
slightly  if  the  figures  for  the  calander  year  were  substituted. 
These  tables  indicate  something  of  the  growing  importance  of 
the  Illinois  coal  fields.  In  the  last  twenty-five  years  the  pro- 
duction of  the  State  has  increased  519  per  cent.  If  the  same  rate  of  in- 
crease continues  for  another  quarter  of  a  century  the  annual  produc- 
tion will  then  be  approximately  135,000,000  short  tons.  The  produc- 
tion for  the  last  ten  years  has  increased  at  even  a  more  rapid  rate, 
amounting  indeed  to  113  per  cent.  At  this  rate  a  production  of  80,- 
000,000  tons  will  be  reached  in  ten  years,  and  approximately  280,000,000 
tons  in  twenty- five  years.  This  is  about  the  amount  of  bituminous 
coal  now  mined  and  sold  in  the  whole  of  the  United  States.  It  is 
impossible  to  say  what  the  future  rate  of  increase  will  in  fact  be,  but 
these  figures  are  at  least  serious  possibilities,  and  the  production  will 
undoubtedly  very  rapidly  increase  for  many  years  to  come. 

While  the  coal  reserves  of  the  State  are  large,  so  large  in  fact  that 
no  estimate  of  value  can  yet  be  made,  they  are  not  inexhaustible.  It 
is  true  that  there  are  many  square  miles  wholly  untouched,  and  that 
few  of  the  present  mines  work  to  anything  like  the  capacity 
of  the  plant.  It  is  none  the  less  sound  policy  to  look  for- 
ward to  the  time  when  the  coal  reserves  will  be  much  less  extensive, 
and  even  to  that  far  time  when  they  will  be  exhausted.  To  make  the 
best  uses  of  our  resources  it  is  necessary  to  study,  and  to  improve 
where  possible,  the  methods  of  finding  and  mining  the  coal  and  of 
using  it.  The  former  involves  careful  studies  of  the  coal  in  the 
ground;  of  the  stratigrophy  of  the  coal  field,  the  relations  of  the  vari- 
ous coal  beds,  the  roof  and  floor  clay,  the  contained  gases,  the  under- 
ground water,  the  various  faults,  and  indeed  everything  involved  in 
the  geology  of  the  field  and  the  mode  of  occurrence  of  the  beds.  To 
this  end  the  Survey  has  taken  up  (a)  a  study  of  the  general  geology  of 
the  coal  fields,  (b)  detailed  Surveys  designed  to  make  out  the  distri- 
bution of  the  individual  coal  beds,  to  locate  the  faults  and  other 
structural  features,  and  to  furnish  adequate  maps  for  the  economical 
development  of  the  area. 

Improvement  in  the  utilization  of  the  coal  is  not  less  important 
than  more  knowledge  for  locating  it.  Too  much  coal  is  left  in  the 
ground  and  too  little  benefit  is  derived  from  that  which  is  burned.  It 
is  proposed  therefore  to  carry  on  studies  designed  to  furnish  data  re- 
garding gas  in  the  coal,  the  character  of*  roof,  of  the  floor,  and  similar 
natural  phenomena  which  condition  the  methods  of  working,  with  the 
hope  that  the  actual  mining  methods  may  be  somewhat  improved. 


16  COMPOSITION   OF    ILLINOIS   COALS.  [BAIN. 

In  connection  with  the   Engineering  Experiment  Station  it. 
ther  proposed  to  carry  on  boiler  and  other  tests  in  order  to  lea* 
best  method  of  burning  or  otherwise  using  each  size  and  market  g 
of  coal.     This  work  will  be   under   the  direction   of   Director  L.  - 
Breckenridge  of  the  Experiment  Station,  but  toward  it  the  Survey 
contributes  by  selecting  and  sampling  the  coal  to  be  tested  as  well  as 
by  studying  the  field  relations. 

A  large  number  of  boiler  trials  have  already  been  made  of-  Illinois 
coal.  Those  which  were  available  were  summarized  by  Professor 
Breckenridge,  and  are  presented  in  the  accompanying  tables.  It  is 
fully  recognized  that  many  variables  enter  into  such  a  table  and  much 
additional  work  needs  to  be  done.  In  particular  it  is  planned  to  make 
tests  of  washed  and  unwashed  coal  from  the  same  mine;  of  the  same 
coal  in  different  sizes,  and  to  carry  on  various  other  lines  of  research. 
A  single  boiler  trial,  like  a  single  analysis,  does  not  mean  much,  but 
a  series  of  systematic  tests  should  yield  information  of  the  highest 
import. 

A  very  large  portion  of  Illinois  coal  is  marketed  within  the  State; 
the  remainder  is  shipped  mainly  to  the  north  and  west.  Despite  its 
abundance  and  low  price  Illinois  coal  does  not  command  the  entire 
market,  even  within  the  limits  of  the  State.  For  example,  in  January 
and  February,  1906,  according  to  the  Chicago  Bureau  of  Coal  Statis- 
tics, 2,226,596  tons  of  bituminous  coal  were  shipped  into  the  city,  of 
1,606,338  tons  were  used  there,  and  620,258  tons  re-shipped.  The 
coal  came  from  Illinois,  Indiana,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania  and  West  Vir- 
ginia. Illinois  contributed  approximately 52  percent,  Indiana  27  per 
cent,  and  the  remaining  states  21  per  cent.  Coal  from  the  eastern 
states  is  sold  here  partly  upon  the  basis  of  quality  and  partly  by 
reason  of  favorable  freight  rates  and  low  mining  costs.  It  will  proba- 
bly never  be  possible,  and  it  would  be  undesirable,  to  entirely  elimi- 
nate the  movement  of  coal  from  the  east  into  the  State  and  across  the 
State  into  the  territory  where  Illinois  coals  largely  dominate  the  mar- 
ket. It  should  be  possible,  however,  to  materially  reduce  the  amount 
of  these  shipments,  and  in  particular  to  see  that  a  much  larger  por- 
tion of  the  increasing  trade  is  supplied  from  Illinois  mines.  To  do 
this  requires  much  closer  attention  to  be  paid  to  the  methods  of  min- 
ing and  marketing  the  coal,  particularly  as  regards  its  sizing,  screen- 
ing and  washing.  Careful  studies  should  also  be  made  of  the  de- 
mands of  different  industries  and  territories,  and  of  the  movement  of 
coal.  Just  how  far  it  may  prove  possible  for  the  Geological  Survey 
to  go  into  this  subject  is  uncertain,  but  it  is  believed  that  there  is  a 
wide  field  of  usefulness  for  such  studies.      Certain,   at   least,  of   the 


BAIN.]  LETTER    OF    TRANSMITTAL.  li 

3  should  be  investigated.     There  is  a  strong  demand  in  the  mid- 
west for  a  coal  capable  of  producing  a  metallurgical  coke.     It  is 
.  impossible  that  certain  of  the  Illinois  coals  may  prove  to  be  valu- 
able for  this  purpose,  either  when  coked  alone  or   mixed  with  cok- 
ing coals.      The  great  importance  of  such   a  find  warrants,  it  is  be- 
lieved, some  investigation. 

The  first  step  in  this  as  in  the  other  lines  of  work  outlined  is  ob- 
viously a  complete  knowledge  of  the  character  of  the  coal  in  the 
ground.  Accordingly  the  mines  of  the  State  are  now  being  visited 
by  Messrs.  J.  J.  Rutledge,  Tom  Moses  and  F.  F.  Grout,  for  the  pnr- 
pose  of  noting  the  thickness  and  character  of  the  beds  and  of  obtain- 
ing a  systematic  set  of  samples  of  the  coal  taken  according  to  care- 
fully determined  rules.  This  work  is  still  in  progress.  The  new  sam- 
ples are  to  be  the  basis  of  the  further  study  of  the  composition  and 
character  of  Illinois  coal  supplementary  to  the  present  bulletin.  This 
is,  as  already  stated,  to  be  regarded  as  preliminary,  and  is  only  de- 
signed to  answer  the  needs  of  the  State  until  these  newer  and  fuller 
investigations  are  completed.  Trusting  that  from  this  point  of  view 
the  present  report  may  be  acceptable,  I  am, 

Very  respectfully  yours. 

H.  Fostee  Bain, 

Director. 


2  GS 


ILLINOIS  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


Hull.  No.  8  V\.:i. 


Map  showing  areas  underlain  by  various  coal  beds.     By  A.  Bk.mkxt. 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  COAL  BEDS  OF  THE 

STATE. 

I  By  A.  Bement.) 

It  is  the  writer's  particular  wish  to  emphasize  here  the  need  of  cer- 
tain lines  of  work  of  great  commercial  value  to  the  people  of  Illinois, 
rather  than  to  attempt  the  presentation  of  any  facts  or  theories 
regarding  the  Illinois  coal  field.  For  this  reason  an  explanation  of 
the  map  showing  the  areas  of  the  State  underlain  by  various  coal 
seams  and  published  here  for  the  first  time,  will  be  given  with  the 
writer's  reason  for  his  conclusions,  and  the  authority  upon  which 
these  conclusions  are  based. 

The  numbers  used  to  designate  the  various  coal  seams  are  those 
originated  by  Professor  Worthen  in  the  first  Survey,  perpetuated  by 
the  State  Mine  Inspection  Department  and  frequently  published  in 
the  annual  coal  reports.  With  one  exception  these  numbers  have 
been  employed  without  question  in  the  preparation  of  this  map. 
This  exception  is  in  the  case  of  the  seam  extensively  mined  in  the 
southern  part  of  Sangamon,  certain  portions  of  Macoupin  and 
Christian  counties,  and  usually  referred  to  as  No.  5.  This  the  writer 
would  designate  as  No.  0.  since  the  No.  5  seam,  in  Sangamon  county, 
north  from  the  mine  of  the  Illinois  Collieries  Company  at  the  town  of 
Chatham,  differs  in  physical  characteristics  from  the  No.  (3,  which  is 
worked  so  extensively  in  all  the  counties  to  the  south  as  far  as  the 
northern  portion  of  Jackson  county.  In  the  latter  territory  this 
seam  may  readily  be  identified  by  certain  persistent  and  regular  hori- 
zontal bands  of  impurities,  the  most  important  of  which  is  a  band  of 
"'slate''  known  as  the  ';  blue  band,''  approximately  from  three-fourths 
to  one  and  one- half  inches  in  thickness  and  located  about  two  feet 
above  the  bottom  of  the  seam.  Other  bands  of  pyrites  are  also  per- 
sistent and  regular.  The  No.  5  seam,  on  the  other  hand,  is  character- 
ized by  the  presence  of  certain  fissures  extending  vertically  through 
the  seam,  filjed  with  hard  rock  in  those  cases  where  the  fissures  or 
cracks   are  narrow,   and  with   •"clay"  where   they  are  wide.     These 

19 


20  COMPOSITION   OF    ILLINOIS   COALS.  [bull.  3 

cracks  or  fissures,  which  sometimes  extend  for  a  considerable  dis- 
tance, are  not  continuous.  They  are  usually  referred  to  as  "  horse 
backs."  The  coal  seam  in  these  mines  presents  a  black  and  appar- 
ently clean  face,  while  the  bands  in  the  No.  6  seam  are  always 
apparent.  Thus  the  impurities  in  the  No.  6  seam  may  be  referred  to 
as  being  horizontal,  while  that  in  No.  5  is  vertical,  and  the  appear- 
ance of  the  face  of  the  No.  5  coal  suggests  that  its  ash  content  is. 
much  lower  than  with  the  No.  6  seam.  This,  however,  is  not  true,  as 
the  entire  ash  of  the  two  seams  is  approximately  the  same,  even 
when  the  horse  backs  are  excluded  from  consideration.  These  two 
seams  are  often  referred  to  as  the  "horse  back"  and  "blue  band"  coals, 
and  as  the  blue  band  coal  in  the  greater  portion  of  its  important  areas 
is  referred  to  as  No.  6,  the  writer  considers  that  it  should  be  so  desig- 
nated over  the  entire  area. 

The  Illinois  coal  seams  referred  to  by  the  numerical  system  have 
been  designated  in  their  supposed  "  geological "  order,  and  the  impli- 
cation is,  that  the  various  horizons  have  been  determined  and  correl- 
ated. This,  however,  is  not  the  case,  and  it  does  not  follow  that  the 
seam  known  as  No.  5  in  Sangamon  and  Saline  counties  occupies  the 
same  horizon.  At  the  best  the  numbers  cannot  be  regarded  as  more 
than  local  names  when  the  State  as  a  whole  is  considered,  although 
the  numerical  system  as  now  applied  is  consistent  over  quite  extended 
local  areas. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  map  the  writer  has  been  guided  by  the 
state  coal  reports,  has  inspected  many  mines,  and  has  used  informa- 
tion afforded  by  a  large  number  of  borings.  The  beds  as  shown  are 
those  of  greatest  importance  in  the  respective  areas  as  far  as  now 
known,  but  it  does  not  follow  that  future  investigation  will  not  justify 
somewhat  different  mapping.  A  considerable  area  has  been  shown 
as  underlain  by  what  is  designated  as  unknown  coal.  This,  as  far  as 
the  center  of  the  basin  is  concerned,  might  with  some  justification  be 
regarded  as  containing  seams  Nos.  1  and  2,  since  there  appears  to  be 
reason  to  believe  that  these  two  seams  are  present  in  moderate  thick- 
ness over  at  least  a  greater  part  of  the  entire  basin.  As  a  working 
hypothesis  it  may  be  assumed  that  the  coal  beds  lying  above  No.  2 
in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  are  persistent  in  extent  and  thick- 
ness over  large  areas,  and  in  the  eastern  portion  that  all  of  the  seams 
are  irregular  in  both  extent  and  thickness.  As  a  general  rule,  the 
quality  of  the  coal  becomes  better  with  increasing  depth,  the  lower 
seams  being  better  than  the  upper  ones.  It  also  increases  in  value 
from  north  to  south.  Thus  the  No.  2  seam  is  better  in  the  sputhern 
than  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  State. 


BEMENT.]  DISTRIBUTION    OF    COAL    BEDS.  21 

All  of  the  important  mining  is  in  seams  Nos.  1,  2,  5,  b'  and  7. 
What  are  known  as  3  and  4  are  worked  to  only  a  very  limited  extent 
and  produce  coal  for  local  use  only.  The  relative  importance  of  the 
different  seams  as  far  as  tonnage  output  is  concerned  is  as  follows? 
No.  (>  being  the  most  important  coal  producer  in  Illinois: 

No.  6, 

No.  5, 

No.  7, 

No.  2, 

No.  1. 

Seam  No.  1  is  worked  in  three  places  in  the  State.  The  most 
important  mining  in  it  is  in  Mercer  county,  where  four  important 
mines  have  a  comparatively  large  output.  It  and  seam  No.  2  which 
lies  only  a  few  feet  above  it  at  Assumption,  Christian  county,  are 
operated  by  a  shaft  1,008  feet  deep,  which  is  the  deepest  mine  in  the 
State.  This  seam  is  also  worked  to  a  small  extent  in  Jackson  county 
in  the  vicinity  of  Murphysboro. 

Seam  No.  2  is  mined  particularly  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State, 
and  nearly  all  the  mining  there  is  confined  to  it.  It  is  known  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  as  the  Third  Vein,  a  name  originating  many  years 
ago  at  the  city  of  LaSalle.  In  the  majority  of  the  mines  it  ranges  in 
thickness  from  3  to  3^  feet  and  is  worked  by  the  long  wall  method. 
The  cost  of  mining  is  high,  but  the  coal  is  hard  and  strong,  and  for 
this  reason  ships  well,  commanding  an  important  market  where  along 
haul  is  necessary.  It  arrives  in  better  condition  than  other  and  softer 
Illinois  coal  that  could  otherwise  compete  with  it.  Its  market,  how- 
ever, is  limited  to  fields  demanding  coal  of  this  character. 

There  is  also  a  small  but  very  important  bed  of  this  coal  in  Jackson 
county  at  the  town  of  Murphysboro,  producing  what  is  known  as  the 
Big  Muddy  coal  of  an  excellent  quality,  considered  to  be  the  best 
mined  in  the  State. 

Seam  No.  5  is  operated  extensively  in  Fulton  and  Peoria  counties, 
but  here  it  is  not  thick,  averaging  generally  4  feet,  and  for  this  reason 
cannot  compete  with  thicker  coal  from  other  portions  of  the  State  on 
account  of  higher  cost  of  mining.  The  principal  output  from  the 
very  large  number  of  mines  west  of  the  Illinois  river  is  from  this 
scam,  and  shipment  is  very  largely  to  Iowa  and  points  outside  of  Illi- 
nois to  the  west.  Around  about  Springfield  and  in  Menard  county, 
also  extending  north  into  Logan  county,  the  No.  5  seam  is  thicker, 
averaging  almost  6  feet.  The  roof  is  fairly  good  and  mining  condi- 
tions tare  favorable,  so  that  there  is  a  large  output,  especially  at 
Springfield. 


22  COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS    COALS.  [bull  3 

The  seam  known  as  No.  5  in  Saline  county  is  a  very  important  one, 
and  produces  a  coal  of  very  high  quality,  equal  to  some  of  that  from 
the  upper  seams  in  Ohio.  This  is  a  new  field  that  has  heretofore 
taken  little  part  in  production  on  account  of  lack  of  transportation 
facilities;  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railway 
however,  has  improved  its  Cairo  branch,  so  that  now  an  excellent  out- 
let is  afforded.  Mining  conditions  are  very  good  in  this  locality,  al- 
though the  seam  is  irregular  in  thickness. 

Seam  No.  H  is  the  large  producer  of  cheap  coal;  or,  in  other  words, 
the  seam  which  affords  the  greatest  amount  of  heat  for  a  given  sum 
of  money.  It  ranges  in  thickness  from  b'  to  8  feet  in  its  known  work- 
able area,  which  is  confined  more  particularly  to  the  center  of  the  Ill- 
inois coal  field,  although  a  small  but  very  important  field  exists  in 
Vermilion  county  south  of  Danville,  where  the  bed  is  also  known  as 
the  Grape  Creek  coal.  In  chemical  composition  this  seam  is  not  very 
different  from  the  No.  5  in  the  center  of  the  State,  being  a  little  high- 
er in  moisture.  The  average  ash  content  of  the  two  seams  is  about 
the  same,  but  its  distribution  in  No.  6  is  different  than  in  the  No.  5. 
In  the  latter  it  is  more  evenly  distributed  throughout  the  seam,  while 
in  No.  6  there  is  less  ash  in  that  portion  of  the  seam  which  produces 
the  lump  coal. 

No.  7  seam  is  operated  at  three  places  in  the  State.  In  the  past, 
the  area  around  Streator,  in  LaSalle  county  shipped  a  very  large  an- 
nual tonnage  from  this  seam. 

The  area  over  which  it  was  present  in  important  thickness,  how- 
ever, being  limited,  it  is  now  almost  worked  out;  for  this  reason  the 
output  has  rapidly  declined.  This  field  was  formerly  one  of  the  most 
important  in  the  State,  and  supplied  Chicago  particularly  with  low 
priced  coal  before  seams  Nos.  5  and  6  were  so  extensively  exploited. 
There  is  also  an  area  of  this  coal  to  the  west  of  Danville  in  Vermilion 
county,  where  there  are  a  few  mines  which  have  an  unimportant  out- 
put. Its  principal  area,  however,  is  in  Williamson  and  Franklin 
counties,  extending  also  a  little  way  into  Jackson  and  Perry  counties. 
Fully  one-half  of  Williamson  county  is  underlain  by  this  coal,  and  it 
is  probable  that  it  is  below  the  surface  at  workable  thickness  in  the 
greater  part  at  least,  if  not  all  of  Franklin  county.  As  far  as  thick- 
ness and  quality  of  coal  are  concerned,  this  is  by  all  means  the  most 
important  coal  seam  in  the  State,  although  other  localities  have  trans- 
portation facilities  and  market  outlets  which  give  them  an  important 
advantage.  This  seam  is  the  thickest  in  the  State,  running  quite 
uniformly  9  feet  over  a  greater  part  of  the  area,  and  generally  ranging 
from  8  to  12  feet  as  far  as  known.     A  large  portion  of  the  fine  coal  is 


bemtxt.]  PURE    COAL.  28 

washed  and  screened  into  various  sizes  and  sold  in  this  form,  making 
a  very  superior  fuel,  about  equal  in  ash  content  to  the  so-called  Poca- 
hontas and  "smokeless"  coals  shipped  into  Illinois  from  the  east,  and 
affording  some  25  to  30  per  cent  more  heat  for  a  given  sum  of  money 
than  obtainable  from  these  eastern  coals. 

The  importance  of  carefully  discriminating  the  various  coal  beds 
lies  in  the  fact  that  each  bed  has  certain  chemical  and  physical  char- 
acteristics which  determine  the  value  of  the  coal  and  influence  the 
methods  of  mining. 

Coal  may  be  considered  as  made  up  of  three  elements;  pure  coal, 
ash  and  moisture.  Their  relations  are  illustrated  in  the  following 
equations : 

1.  Fixed  carbon    j         XKT   ,         p  ., .        . 
Hydrocarbons      -  ^ter  of  composition     = 
Snlphnr              j         ^ogen  | 

2.  Pure  coal  +  ash       dry  coal. 

3.  Dry  coal  +  moisture  —  moist  coal. 

If,  as  the  writer  believes,  the  pure  coal  in  any  particular  seam  or 
locality  has  a  constant  composition,  it  should  be  possible  to  deter- 
mine it  by  a  certain  amount  of  careful  work,  after  which  the  value 
could  be  used  as  a  constant.  The  ash,  however,  is  a  decidedly  vari- 
able factor  and  should  have  detailed  attention.  Lump  coal  from  one 
mine  may  contain  more  ash  than  from  another,  not  because  of  differ- 
ence in  the  coal  itself  but  by  reason  of  the  greater  or  less  amount  of 
ash  associated  with  it.  Moisture  is  the  most  variable  of  the  three 
elements.  In  Illinois  it  usually  decreases  during  shipment,  so  that 
the  content  of  the  seam  is  higher  than  of  the  coal  as  delivered  to  the 
consumer.  The  variable  factors  in  the  coal  are  largely  controlled  by 
the  methods  of  mining,  distance  of  transport  and  effect  of  weather  in 
marketing,  so  that  it  becomes  important  to  know  the  exact  characfer 
of  the  coal  in  the  ground  and  the  extent  of  each  seam  in  order  to 
properly  meet  market  conditions. 

To  a  considerable  extent  confusion  exists  because  of  different  and 
often  erroneous  methods  of  analysis  or  of  statement  of  results.  This 
matter  has  been  discussed  by  the  writer  elsewhere*  and  Professor 
Parrs  paper  in  this  bulletin  also  takes  it  up.  The  importance  of  the 
matter  warrants  a  few  further  words  on  the  subject.  Because  of  the 
great  variability  in  moisture  especially,  it  is  absolutely  necessary  that 
all  analytical  data  be  presented  on  a  common  basis,  illustrated  in 
tables  1  and  2. 


*  Journal  Amer.  Chemical  Society,  vol.  28,  p.  632. 


24 


composition  of  illinois  coals. 

Table  1. 

Proximate  Analysis. 


Moist 
coal. 

Dry 
coal. 

Pure 
coal. 

Com- 
bustible. 

Moisture 

6.29 

8.74 

68.06 

50.06 

22.41 

11.09 

3.60 

0.82 

0.76 

1.58 

1.41 

27.53 

72.47 

12,416 

Ash 

9.33 

72.63 

53.42 

23.92 

11.82 

3.84 

0.87 

0.82 

1.69 

1.51 

22.66 

77.34 

13,250 

Total  carbon 

80.11 
58.92 
26.38 
13.04 
4.24 
0.96 

93  90 

Fixed  carbon 

69  06 

Volatile  combustible 

30  94 

Water  of  composition 

Available  hydrogen 

4  97 

1  13 

0.96 

1.66 

14.70 

85.30 

14,613 

1  13 

N  itrogen 

Total  combusti ble 

100  00 

B.  T.  U.  per  pound 

17,131 

Table  2. 
Proximate  A nalysis . 


Moist 
coal. 

Dry 
coal. 

Pure 
coal. 

Com- 
bustible. 

Moisture 

9.91 

11.51 

63.55 

48.42 

18.65 

10.28 

3.03 

0.50 

0.70 

1.20 

1.23 

32.93 

67.07 

11,348 

Ash 

12.78 

70.54 

53.75 

20.70 

11.40 

3.36 

0  57 

0.78 

1.35 

l.S-i 

25.55 

74.45 

12,596 

Total  carbon 

80.87 
61.62 
23.73 
13.08 
3.85 
0.65 

94.73 

Fixed  carbon 

72  20 

Volatile  combustible 

27.80 

Available  hvdrog'en 

4.51 

Volatile  sulphur 

Fixed  sulphur 

0.76 

Total  sulphur 

N  itrogen 

0.65 

1.57 

14.65 

85.35 

14,442 

0.76 

Total  non-combustible 

Total  combustible 

100.00 

B.  T.  U.  per  pound 

16,921 

The  constituent  here  termed  water  of  composition,  is  that  proposed 
by  Professor  Parr,  although  the  writer  finds  it  necessary  to  obtain  it 
from  ultimate  analysis.  Table  3  presents  a  comparison  of  consti- 
tuents of  coals  1   and  2,  arranged  in  parallel  columns. 


BEMENT.] 


exteded  proximate  analyses. 
Table  3. 


25 


Coals. 


No.  1 


No.  2 


Combustible- 
Total  carbon  93.90 

Fixed  carbon 69.06 

Volatile  combustible 30.94 

Available  hydrogen 4.97 

Volatile  sulphur 1 .13 

B.T.I* 17, 131 

Pure  coal- 
Water  of  composition 13.04 

Nitrogen 1.66 

Total  non-com bustible 14.70 

B.  T.  U 14,613 

Dry  coal- 
Ash  9 .33 

Fixed  sulphur 0.82 

B.  T.  U 13, 250 

Moist  coal- 
Moisture  6.29 

B.T.  U 12.416 


94.73 
72.20 
27.80 
4.51 
0.76 
16,921 


13.08 

1.57 

14.65 

14,442 


12.78 

0.78 

12, 596 


9.91 
11,348 


Since  determining  the  composition  of  coals  1  and  2  the  writer  has 
made  experiments  proving  the  uncertainty  and  unreliability  of  the 
volatilization  method  used  to  determine  -'volatile"  and  '-fixed  carbon'" 
constituents,  and  has  therefore  abandoned  this  feature  of  analysis, 
adopting  a  form  of  proximate  analysis  shown  in  table  4.  This  is  an 
analysis  of  a  composite  sample  made  up  of  other  samples  taken  quite 
generally  over  one  county.  In  the  writer's  opinion  it  can  be  used  as 
a  constant  for  the  entire  locality  and  seam,  leaving  only  determina- 
tions of  ash  and  moisture  to  be  made  in  various  sizes  of  coal  shipped. 


Table  4. 
Proximate  Analysis. 


Moist 
coal. 

Dry- 
coal. 

Pure 
coal. 

Com- 
bustible. 

13  76 

Ash  

12.25 

65.69 

3.43 

4.26 

1.08 

13.29 

73.38 

26.62 

12,467 

Carbon 

74.86 

3.92 

4.86 

1.23 

15.13 

P3.64 

16  36 

14,208 

89.50 

Available  hydrogen 

4.69 

Sulpher,  less  S  in  ash 

5.81 

Nitrogen ....     

Water  of  composition.                            

Total  combustible  

100.00 

Total  non-combustible 

B.  T.  V.  per  pound 

10.751 

16, 987 

COMPOSITION   AND   CHARACTER    OF    ILLINOIS 

COALS. 


(By  S.  W.  Parr. 


COMPOSITION. 


INTRODUCTION. 


There  are  two  sources  of  motion  on  the  earth,  chemical  action  and 
gravity.  They  are  the  initial  forms  of  power  and  constitute  the 
prime  factors  in  industrial  development.  Their  availability  in  any 
region  is  an  index  of  present  or  potential  activity.  Of  gravity  it  may 
almost  be  said  that  it  has  become  a  commodity  by  reason  of  its  easy 
transformation  into  electric  energy;  but  the  supply  in  available  form 
is  localized  and  its  range  limited.  Chemical  energy  in  its  cheapest 
form  resides  in  the  coal  and  oil  deposits  of  the  world.  Their  econom- 
ical transformation  is  the  great  problem  of  the  engineer.  He  has 
been  largely  occupied  with  boilers  and  grates  and  stokers,  but  recent- 
ly a  marked  tendency  is  evident  toward  a  more  critical  study  of  the 
fuel  itself.  As  a  contribution  in  that  direction  it  is  hoped  that  the 
accompanying  study  of  the  composition  and  properties  of  Illinois  coal 
will  not  be  without  value. 

Decomposition  by  decay. —  Geologically  coal  is  a  mineral  derived  by 
process  of  decomposition  from  organic  m arterial  consisting  in  the 
main  of  cellulose.  We  know  the  products  of  decomposition  of  this 
material  when  submerged  to  be  oxides  of  carbon,  (CO.,  )  and  (CO), 
marsh  gas,  (CH4),  and  water  H;0).  These  decompositions  do  not 
proceed  regularly  nor  always  to  the  same  extent.  For  example,  in 
the  case  of  lignite,  the  breaking  down  of  the  vegetal  structure  has 
not  gone  so  far  as  in  the  case  of  coal.  The  former  may  have  lost  50 
or  55  per  cent,  of  its  original  substance,  remaining  light  and  of  open 

27 


2X 


COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS    COALS. 


[BULL.  3 


texture;  the  latter  may  have  lost  65  or  70  per  cent,  becoming  dense 
and  compact.  These  varying  degrees  of  transformation  may  be  illus- 
trated by  the  following  chemical  equations: 


Vegetal  tissue. 

(1)  5C0H10OB 
Cellulose 

(2)  6C„H10O, 
Cellulose 

(3)  7CeH,0O, 
Cellulose 


Loss  by  decomposition. 


6  CO.,    +    CO 
Carbon  oxides 

8COa    +    CO 
Carbon  dioxide 

8C02 
Carbon  dioxide 


+    3CH4     + 

Marsh  gas 

+    5CII, 
Marsh  gas 

4CH4       f 
Marsh  gas 


8  H.,0 
Water 

10  H.,0 
Water 

19H20 
Water 


Coals. 

C20H22O4 

Lignite 

C22H,„0, 
Bituminous 

C30H16O 

Semi- 
bituminous 


From  these  equations  we  note  that,  assuming  the  original  vegetal 
tissue  to  be  in  the  form  of  cellulose,  the  products  of  decay  are  ap- 
proximately the  same  in  character,  but  vary  in  amount,  while  there 
remains  a  comyxmnd  of  indefinite  chemical  composition,  yet  which 
conforms  in  a  degree  to  the  hypothetical  molecules  as  designated 
under  the  general  heading  of  "coals." 

We  may  further  illustrate  this  transformation  by  the  accompany- 
ing diagram,  which  also  gives  an  idea  of  relative  values  involved  in 
the  transformation. 


Adaptec/  from  Newberry 

FIG.  2— Loss  by  decomposition  in  coal  formation. 

Decomposition  by  destructive  distillation. — The  routine  through 
which  vegetal  matter  has  passed  in  arriving  at  the  coal  state  may 
have  in  itself  but  little  practical  interest.  No  small  amount  of  value, 
however,  attaches  to  the  information  which  may  be  thus  developed 
concerning  the  properties,  classification,  etc.,  of  the  residual  coal  pro- 
duct. If  we  take  these  substances,  for  example,  and  subject  them  to 
high  heat  out  of  contact  with  the  oxygen  of  the  air,  a  new  set  of  pro- 
ducts will  result.     As  in  the  case  of  decomposition  by  decay,  so  here 


PARR.  I 


DECOMPOSITION    OF    COAL. 


2<> 


decomposition  by  destructive  distillation  may  be  illustrated  by  means 
of  chemical  equations.  If,  for  example,  we  subject  a  piece  of  wood 
in  a  retort  to  a  red  heat,  the  decomposition  will  proceed  approximately 
along  the  lines  indicated  as  follows : 


2CCH„10, 

10C 

C,H4Oa 

8H.O 

Cellulose 

Charcoal 

Pyroligneous  acid 

Water 

100'- 

3T< 

2(K 

43 

If  we  take  the  hypothetical  coal  molecules  as  developed  by  the 
equations  in  table  I,  which  are  here  considered  as  pure  coal,  i.  e.,  ash 
and  water  free,  and  subject  them  to  the  same  sort  of  decomposition 
by  means  of  heat,  we  would  have  results  of  a  somewhat  similar  nature 
and  approximately  as  shown  in  table  2,  thus: 


(l) 


C2) 


(3) 


Table 

2. 

Coals. 

Coke. 
14C 

Volatile  matter. 

Ca0H,,,O, 

C0H14 

4H,0 

Lignite 
100-. 

Fixed  Carbons 
5L 

Hydrocarbons 

26'c 

Water 

23 

C93H90O3 

Bituminous 

IOC' 

16C 

Fixed  Carbon 

58* 

C.HM 

Hydrocarbons 

26-; 

3H20 

Water 

16* 

C:!0H1G0           = 

Semi- bituminous 
10O 

26C 

Fixed  Carbon 

79.6* 

C4Hro  +4H          4 
Hydrocarbons 
15.8* 

H,0 

Water 

4.6:. 

These  values  may  be  also  shown  in  their  quantitive  relations  by  a 
figure  similar  to  that  used  to  show  the  relative  decomposition  pro- 
ducts due  to  decay  as  in  figure  3,  thus: 


Ce//u/ose 


Figure  3— Loss  by  various  geological  processes  in  coal  formation. 


BO 


COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS    COALS. 


[BULL.  3 


These  various  type  products  or  coal  molecules  as  developed  in  table 
1  and  figure  2,  and  further  illustrated  in  table  2  and  figure  3,  have 
their  counterparts  in  actual  coal  conditions,  as  shown  by  analysis. 
For  example,  the  hypothetical  molecules  labeled  "lignite,"  "bitumin- 
ous coal1'  and  "semi-bituminous  coal,"  have  these  particular  elements 
present  in  corresponding  ratio  in  the  various  coals  when  the  same  are 
considered  as  exclusive  of  ash  and  water.  By  augmenting  these 
molecules,  therefore  with  ash  and  water  in  amounts  corresponding  to 
their  respective  types,  this  relation  to  percentages  obtained  from  an- 
alysis of  actual  coal  samples,  may  be  shown  as  in  table  3. 

Table  3. 


Description. 


Lignite. 

Theoretical 

C80  H,,  O4+ Ash  +  Water 

Percentages 

Commercial 

Analysis  of  sample 


Bituminous. 

Thoretical 

C22H30O3-f-  Ash  +  Water 


Percentages 


Commercial 

Analysis  of  sample 


Semi-Bituminous 

Theoretical 

C30Hl6O  +  Ash  +  Watei 


Percentages 


Commercial 

Analysis  of  sample 


Pure  Coal. 


Fixed 
Carbon. 


14  C  4 
42.4 


16  C  + 

49.3 

49.4 


26  C  + 
76.1 

76.8 


VOLATILE  MATTER. 


Combus- 
tible. 


Extraneous 

material. 


Non- 

combus- 

tible. 


C,  H1( 
21,6 

20.3 


Ca  H14 

22.0 

21.6 


4H 
C4  Hl(, 


15.1 
14.5 


+ 

4  H,  O-f 

Ash  + 

19.1 

2.7 

21.6 

2.7 

+ 

3FLO  + 

Ash  + 

13.6 

8.0 

14.0 

8.0 

+ 

FLO  + 

Ash-r- 

4.3 

3.5 

4.2 

3.5 

1 

Water 
14.0 

14.0 


Water 
7.0 


Water 
0.9 

0.9 


An  examination  of  this  table  shows  that  a  close  relationship  exists 
between  the  suggested  composition  of  the  pure  coal  molecule  and  the 
actual  composition  as  developed  by  analysis.  The  particular  con- 
stituent that  calls  for  further  consideration,  is  the  volatile  matter. 


parr.]  COMBUSTIBLE    IN    COAL.  31 

VOLATILE    MATTER. 

In  volatile  matter  it  is  evident  that  two  distinct  types  of  com- 
pounds exist;  the  one  is  composed  of  certain  compounds  of  carbon 
and  hydrogen,  or  hydrocarbons,  which  are  combustible;  the  other,  a 
compound  of  hydrogen  and  oxygen  in  the  proper  ratio  to  form  water 
and  hence  non-combustible.  It  is  manifestly  inaccurate  and  mis- 
loading  to  apply  to  these  products  as  a  whole  the  term  "volatile  com- 
bustible." If  the  second  of  these  constituents,  the  non-combustible 
part,  were  small  in  amount  or  constant  as  to  quantity,  it  would  per- 
haps not  need  special  discussion.  This  condition  indeed  is  ap- 
proached in  the  semi-bitumiuous  type  of  coal.  The  sample  under 
this  heading  in  table  3  is  the  well  known  Pocahontas  variety.  The 
composition  as  determined  by  proximate  analysis,  is  as  follows: 

Analysis  of  Pocahontas  Coal. 

Ash 3. 50-/, 

Moisture  92# 

Volatile  matter 18.70-/ 

Fixed  carbon 76.88-/ 

Total 100.  00-/ 

Now  if  we  analyze  still  farther  the  volatile  matter  we  shall  find: 

Combustible  hydrocarbons 14.5  $ 

Non -combustible  hydrogen,  oxygen  and  nitrogen 4.2  -/ 

Total 18.70-/ 

It  will  be  seen  from  this  that  over  22%;  of  the  volatile  matter  is 
non-combustible,  but  as  this  constitutes  but  4.2%  of  the  entire  coal  sub- 
stance, it  may  be  considered  of  small  moment  and  only  a  minor  error 
is  involved  in  classifying  the  entire  volatile  matter  as  "combustible." 

With  the  above,  however,  compare  the  composition  of  a  coal  of  the 
bituminous  type,  also  made  use  of  in  table  3  under  the  same  heading: 


Average  of  Ten  Illinois  Coals. 


Ash 8.00'. 

Moisture 7. 00-, 

Volatile  matter 35. 60-/ 

Fixed  carbon 49.40; 

Total 100. 00-/ 

By  further  examination  of  the  volatile  matter  we  find: 

Combustible  hydrocarbons 21 .6 

Non -combustible  hydrogen,  oxygen  and  nitrogen 14.00-. 

Total ; 35.60-; 

Here  it  is  evident  that  a  much  larger  part  of  the  volatile  matter, 
equalling  14%  of  the  entire  coal,  or  40%  of  the  volatile  matter  itself  is 
non-combustible. 


32  COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS    COALS.  [BULL.  3. 

The  lignites  also  are  of  interest  in  this  connection.  A  sample  of 
the  material  from  North  Dakota  upon  analysis  shows  results  as  fol- 
lows: 

Lignite. 

Ash 2.71. 

Moisture 14.12. 

Volatile  matter 41.91 

Fixed  carbon 41.26-, 

Total 100.00'; 

Combustible  hydrocarbons 20.28r, 

Non -combustible  hydrogen,  oxygen  and  nitrogen 21.63;* 

Total 41.91* 

It  will  be  seen  that  47%  of  the  volatile  matter  or  21.63%  of  the  en- 
tire coal  included  in  the  volatile  matter,  is  non-combustible.  In  fig- 
ure 3  this  feature  is  illustrated,  with  a  rather  approximate  indication 
of  relative  amounts,  by  the  dotted  line  which  divides  the  volatile  mat- 
ter into  two  parts;  the  non-combustible  portion  being  above  the  line, 
and  the  combustible  below.  In  order,  however,  to  show  more  clearly 
the  ratio  of  non-combustible  to  the  total  volatile  matter,  reference 
should  be  made  to  figures  4,  5  and  6.  The  same  type  samples  are 
used  with  the  percentage  constituents  as  found  by  actual  analysis. 


Fig.  4.    Composition  of  volatile  matter  in  semi-bituminous  (Pocahontas)  coal. 


VOLATILE    MATTER    IN    COALS. 


33 


Fig    5.    Composition  of  volatile  matter  in  Illinois  coal. 


Fig.  6.     Composition  of  volatile  matter  in  lignite. 


3  G  8 


STATE  GEOLOGICAL  S17RVEY. 


Bull.  No.  3,  PI.  4. 


o 

en 
o 


TotalVolatileMatter 


Combustible 
Volatile 


I 


W5 


INERT 
VOLATILE 


HYDROGEN 


SULPHUR 


VOLATILE 
CARBON 


Total  Volatile  Matt 


er 


< 

o 
O 

en 


Combustible  Volatile 


Total  Volatile  Matter 


Ld 
h; 

Z 


/   '  ' 

' ;:-  ^ 

Combustible  Volatile 

w:  :-i          ; :; 

Comparison  of  the  volatile  matter  in  coals. 


PARR.]  FUEL    UNITS.  35 

It  should  be  especially  noted  that  such  a  segment  of  a  circle  is  taken 
as  will  represent  the  correct  percentage  part  of  the  whole  for  the  or- 
dinary '-volatile  matter'-,  exclusive  of  moisture,  ash  and  fixed  carbon. 
In  plate  4  the  same  ratios  are  indicated  by  square  areas. 

The  conditions  illustrated  suggest  a  number  of  queries.  For  ex- 
ample, what  constitutes  the  proper  fuel  unit?  It  is  not  the  coal 
as  mined  or  delivered,  because  the  content  of  moisture  varies  at 
every  stage  of  transportation  and  handling.  Moreover,  both  the 
moisture  and  the  ash  are  to  be  looked  upon  as  extraneous  and  inci- 
dental to  the  pure  coal  and  not  an  integral  part  of  it.  They  take  no 
part  in  the  combustion,  hence  the  custom  would  seem  to  be  erroneous 
of  drawing  the  line  of  division  here,  and  calling  the  ash  and  water 
the  "non-combustible"  and  all  the  "ash  and  water  free"'  portion  the 
"combustible,"  and  making  use  of  this  latter  as  the  fuel  unit.  The 
error  involved  in  the  procedure  is  evident  from  the  illustrations  above 
given.  In  the  case  of  Pocahontas  coal,  the  difference  is  slight  and 
the  error  small,  and  although  over  22  per  cent  of  the  volatile  matter 
is  non-combustible,  it  constitutes  only  4  per  cent  of  the  entire  coal, 
hence  the  error  resulting  from  this  method  of  reckoning  is  not  so 
great.  By  this  method  the  engineer  would  calculate  that  105  pounds 
of  Pocahontas  coal  would  make  100  pounds  of  combustible,  i.  e.  as 
"ash  and  water  free."  In  reality  were  the  calculations  based  on  the 
material  present  which  actually  burns,  it  would  require  109.4  pounds 
to  make  100  pounds  of  this  true  combustible.  When  we  consider  Ill- 
inois coal  by  these  two  methods  of  calculation,  it  would  take  119  pounds 
to  make  100  pounds  of  "combustible,"  considering  that  division  as 
made  on  the  usual  "ash  and  water  free"  basis;  whereas  it  would  take. 
in  fact,  141  pounds  of  coal  to  make  100  pounds  of  constituent  that 
would  actually  burn.  Here  the  error  of  basing  the  fuel  unit  on  the 
"ash  and  water  free"  part  is  more  evident.  When  we  come  to  lignites 
the  difference  is  still  more  striking.  The  common  method  of  calcula- 
tion would  call  for  120  pounds  to  yield  100  pounds  of  so-called  "com- 
bustible"; whereas  in  fact.  162.5  pounds  are  needed  for  each  pound 
of  real  combustible.  By  grouping  these  facts  in  a  table  the  difference 
may  be  more  readily  compared. 


36 


composition  of  illinois  coals. 

Table  4. 
Calculation  of  Fuel  Units. 


[Bull.  3.| 


Number  of  pounds  of  ordinary  coal 
required  to  make  100  pounds  of 

Error  of  com- 
mon   method 

K ind  of  coal 

'  'Ash  and  water 
free"  or  so  called 
"combustible." 
as  commonly 
calculated. 

True  fuel:.i.  e. 
ash,  water  and 
non  -combust- 
ible volatile 
free. 

in    pounds    of 
commercial 
coal  per  100  lbs. 
actual   com- 

bustible. 

Pocahontas .... 

104.62 

109.43 

4  81 

Illinois 

119.00 

141.00 

22  00 

Lignite 

120.23 

162.49 

42  26 

Note  from  this  table  as  indicated  by  the  first  column,  that  the 
steaming  efficiency  of  a  pound  of  lignite  should  be  practically  equiva- 
lent to  a  pound  of  Illinois  coal,  also  that  the  handicap  awarded  Illi- 
nois coal  in  comparison  with  Pocahontas  coal  is  less  than  one-fifth 
of  what  it  shouJd  be.  The  true  relations  are  properly  indicated  in  the 
second  column. 

One  other  point  may  be  worth  mentioning  in  this  connection.  The 
gas  engineer,  for  example,  buys  coal  with  an  indicated  analysis  of  35 
per  cent  of  volatile  matter.  The  yield  of  gas  per  pound  when  put  to 
practical  test  is  not  so  great  as  another  lot  showing  only  19  per  cent 
of  volatile  matter.  He  is  aware  that  the  condensation  products  such 
as  tar,  etc.,  are  greater  in  the  first  case,  but  it  is  not  conceivable  that 
practically  half  of  the  volatile  matter  goes  into  tar.  A  little  examina- 
tion of  figures  4  and  5  will  offer  a  more  rational  explanation.  It  may 
be  also  suggested  in  this  connection  that  by  making  a  study  of  figures 
5  and  6  in  conjunction  with  table  3  in  the  matter  of  volatile  matter  of 
the  combustible  sort  there  is  raised  the  question  as  to  whether  lig- 
nites might  not  enter  the  field  as  gas  producers,  at  least  in  competi- 
tion with  coals  of  the  bituminous  type,  especially  when  we  consider 
the  lower  percentage  of  sulphur  and  condensation  products. 

It  would  seem  desirable  from  consideration  of  what  has  preceded, 
that  certain  additional  factors  be  introduced  into  our  ordinary  chemi- 
cal results.  This  is  not  a  simple  matter,  where  methods  have  been 
long  established,  and  especially  where  they  have  become  the  basis  for 
calculations  in  other  lines,  as  in  steam  engineering. 

Two  methods  of  procedure  suggest  themselves.  First,  we  may 
obtain  all  our  factors  for  coal  by  the  methods  of  ultimate  analysis. 
Such  results  would  enable  us  to  deduce  the  ratios  used  in  illustrating 


Parr.]  HYDROGEN  IN  COALS.  ?>1 

the  errors  already  pointed  out,  and  it  may  be  fairly  presumed  that  if 
such  results  had  always  been  as  easily  available  as  those  by  proxi- 
mate analysis,  the  former  would  have  furnished  the  basis  for  estab- 
lishing fuel  units  and  all  other  data  connected  with  coals.  Indeed  a 
large  part  of  the  argument  in  favor  of  retaining  the  method  of  proxi- 
mate analysis,  resides  in  the  facility  with  which  such  results  may  be 
obtained  as  opposed  to  the  greater  elaboration  and  manipulative  skill 
required  for  ultimate  analysis.  More  than  this  the  proximate  analy- 
sis brings  out  certain  indispensable  factors  such  as  the  fixed  carbon 
content,  which  would  not  appear  if  ultimate  methods  alone  were  used. 

The  second  method  of  procedure  to  be  suggested  would  be  to  add 
to  the  customary  constituents  as  ascertained  by  proximate  analysis, 
some  further  factor  or  factors  reasonably  convenient  of  determination, 
and  which  would  also  furnish  the  complete  information  desired. 

These  conditions  seem  to  be  met  by  adding  the  factor  for  the  total 
carbon  content.  The  chief  argument  in  support  of  this  position  re- 
sides in  the  fact  that  it  may  serve  directly  in  the  determination  of  the 
available  hydrogen,  and  having  this  factor,  the  percentage  content  of 
each  of  the  three  elements  concerned  in  combustion  would  be  at  hand, 
viz.,  carbon  hydrogen  and  sulphur. 

AVAILABLE    HYDROGEN. 

By  available  hydrogen  is  meant  that  part  of  the  hydrogen  content 
which  is  free  to  enter  into  combustion  with  oxygen  for  the  produc- 
tion of  heat,  as  distinct  from  that  hydrogen  present  which  already 
has,  as  a  constituent  part  of  the  molecule,  the  necessary  equivalent 
of  oxygen  for  the  formation  of  water  and  consequently  non-combusti- 
ble and  inert  so  far  as  heat  producing  properties  are  concerned. 
Given,  therefore,  the  total  carbon  in  addition  to  the  usual  constitu- 
ents resulting  from  proximate  analysis,  the  proposition  before  us  is 
to  deduce  the  available  hydrogen. 

If  we  examine  the  reactions  in  table  No.  2,  where  the  conditions 
correspond  to  those  under  which  the  proximate  method  is  carried  on 
involving  destructive  distillation,  we  note  that  the  volatile  hydrocar- 
bons tend  to  conform  to  certain  combinations  for  any  given  type  of 
coal;  indeed  there  seems  to  be  a  certain  kind  of  uniform  progression 
running  throughout  all  the  reactions,  from  the  geological  decomposi- 
tion processes  to  the  ultimate  result  of  destructive  distillation. 

In  table  No.  2,  for  example,  reaction  (2)  illustrates  by  chemical 
equation  almost  exactly  the  composition  and  decomposition  products 
of  a  particular  sample  of  Illinois  coal.     If  we  put   into  similar  form 


38  COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS    COALS.  [Bull.  3 

the  results  from  a  number  of  actual  analyses,  and  include  in  the 
series  the  extremes  of  the  Illinois  type  from  those  approaching  the 
semi-bituminous  to  those  bordering  on  the  lignitic  form,  we  shall 
have  a  series  of  reactions  as  below.  To  make  more  evident  the  pro- 
gressive nature  of  the  reactions,  there  are  added  two  columns  show- 
ing in  each  instance  the  ratio  between  the  volatile  carbon  (v  c)  and 
the  total  carbon  (C),  and  between  the  available  hydrogen  (H)  and 
the  volatile  carbon  (v  c).  By  volatile  carbon  is  here  meant  that  part 
of  the  carbon  which  is  joined  with  hydrogen  to  make  some  member 
of  the  hydrocarbon  series  as  distinct  from  the  fixed  carbon,  which  is 
the  chief  constituent  of  the  coke.  The  sum  of  these  two  forms  of 
carbon  of  course  equals  the  total  carbon. 

Table  5. 


v   c 

H 

~C~ 

v    c 

16.fr, 

28', 

2<h 

2 

27  7' 

20-; 

29.2', 

19.4< 

39', 

16.5', 

Bituminous  Coal.  Hydrocarbons.  Water. 

(a)  C18H16Q3  C>6+C3H„+2H  _         3  H20 

(b)  C2  +  H18Q3      =      C30  ^C4H10+3H        +         3HaO 

(c)  CI8H18t)3  C13+C5Ht„  -         3H,0 

(d)  c,,h,0o,         c16+c0h,;  +      3  h:o 

(e)  c;;h;2o3         d+c.H^  +      3  h;o 

These  reactions  are  illustrative  merely,  but  they  have  their  coun- 
terparts in  actual  coal  samples.  The  last  two  columns  show  in  per- 
centage form  the  carbon  and  hydrogen  ratios.  The  ratios  of  volatile 
carbon  to  total  carbon  increase  from  16.6$  to  39%,  while  in  a  de- 
scending series  the  ratios  of  the  available  hydrogen  to  the  volatile 
carbon  vary  from  28%  to  16.5%.  This  suggests  a  curve  in  which  the 
abscissae  shall  be  ^  and  theordinates  — .  Knowing  therefore  in 
any  given  case  the  factors  for  volatile  carbon,  there  is  indicated  from 
these  ratios  and  by  means  of  such  a  curve,  the  percentage  part  the 
hydrogen  is  of  volatile  carbon.  In  the  accompanying  diagram  (Fig.  7) 
curve  No.  1  is  drawn  in  accordance  with  the  above  type  reactions  of 
table  5. 


PARR.] 


(  Alvl'.oN     RATIOS. 


39 


44 

| 

\ 

J" 

V 

\ 

\ 

c 

LJ 

R 

V 

E 

~N 

L 

z 

\ 

* 

>> 

. 

"" 

■• 

N 

•• 

^ 

p» 

^ 

y 

s 

s 

{ 

X 

/ 

k  . 

"' 

/ 

^ 

• 

- 

: 

u 

R 

V 

E 

PI 

o 

1 

- 

~ 

_, 

_r 

i 

S 

+   u 


flBSClSSfl-CURV'ElS    I   £riD2-^xl00 

Fig.  7.  Curves  illustrating  the  percentage  ratio  of  hydrogen  to  volatile  carbon  in  coal 
and  in  compounds  or  the  paraffine  series. 

But  another  element  in  addition  to  these  carbon  ratios  enters  into 
the  case.  We  are  accustomed  to  look  upon  the  volatile  constituents 
of  coal  as  being  more  or  less  closely  connected  with  the  paraffine 
series,  CnH2n^2-  This  suggests  a  possible  uniformity  of  relation  be- 
tween these  two  elements,  independent  of  the  carbon  ratios.  If  we 
tabulate  a  few  members  of  this  series  we  shall  have  results  as  follows: 

In  C  H4  the  carbon  is  3  times  the  hydrogen  bv  weight. 
In  CoH6  the  carbon  is  4  times  the  hydrogen  bv  weight. 
In  C3H8  the  carbon  is  4.5  times  the  hydrogen  by  weisrht. 
In  C4H10  the  carbon  is  4.8  times  the  hydrogen  by  weight. 
In  C,H,,  the  carbon  is  5  times  the  hydrogen  by  weight. 
In  C„H14  the  carbon  is  5.1  times  the  hydrogen  by  weight. 
In  C7HI0  the  carbon  is  5.2  times  the  hydrogen  by  weight. 

Curve  No.  2  in  figure  7  is  the  expression  of  this  series  of  com- 
pounds. It  is  located  with  respect  to  the  carbon  ratios,  ^,  in  this 
manner:  The  last  reaction  (2)  of  table  5  shows  the  corresponding 
compound  C7Hi6.,  but  by  the  conditions  of  the  equation  the  volatile 
carbon  in  C7H15  is  39.2$    of  the  total  carbon,  Ci8,  hence  that  point 


40 


COMPOSITION   OF    ILLINOIS    COALS. 


[BULL.  3. 


where  the  ratio  of  ^~  is  39.2%  should  be  designated  as  the  ordinate 
of  ^  or  5.25;  (5.25  + 16  =  07  or  84).     Similarly  from  equation  (d) 


C 6  H14  shows  -^-  =  5.14,  and  this  ordinate  should  be  located  at  the 

vc 

v^ -  =  3.6  and  -^ 


point  where 


=  29.2  and  so  on  to  the  first  equation  (a)  where 
,  =  16.6,  thus  locating  the  multiples  3.6:,  5.14,  5.25,  etc., 
respectively  at  the  carbon  ratios,  16.6,  29.2  and  39.2.  The  chief 
modification  ascribable  to  this  series,  as  expressed  by  curve  No.  2,  is 
■due  to  the  fact  that  in  the  higher  ratios  the  increase  grows  less  and 
less,  the -volatile  carbon  never  reaching  six  times  the  hydrogen;  the 
curve  therefore  approaching  continually  the  horizontal.  In  the  lower 
members  the  rise  which  naturally  is  abrupt  is  accentuated  by  the 
tendency  of  the  molecule  to  break  down,  yielding  free  hydrogen.  This 
introduces  a  slight  variable  toward  the  extremes  of  curve  1,  raising 
slightly  its  value  at  the  upper  end  and  depressing  it  at  the  right,  as 
shown  by  the  dotted  line. 


o 


10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

5 

5 

4-0 

■45 

5 

■4-0 

"i 

X 

\ 

N 

\ 

* 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

L  < 

1 

S 

-  v 

•? 

I 

>F 

R 

nr 

n 

Tf 

G 

F 

( 

F 

\ 

S> 

I 

n 

^r 

n 

>C 

1 

,; 

Tl 

1 

s 

: 

M 

i 

n 

F 

? 

c 

i 

N 

s 

! 

ir 

i  [ 

>l 

u 

F 

r 

Of 

1 

\ 

) 

d 

| 

" 

n 

IJ 

""- 

ie 

~ 

'h 

15 

-- 

_r_ 

_X 

>n 

-' 

FftT  COAL 

BiTumnous 


BLflCK-LlGniTE 


BROWHLIGniTE 

10 


/0  /5  20  25  30  35  4-0  4-5  50 

RATIO  OF  VOLATILE   CflRBOh    TO    TOTAL   CARBOh-^ 
Fig.  8.    Curve  for  calculating  available  hydrogen  in  coal. 

For  convenience  in  use,  therefore,  these  two  curves  are  combined 
into  one  resultant  as  shown  in  figure  8.  Any  such  curve  must  of 
necessity  be  largely  empirical,   but  the  above  illustration   of  some 


PARR.]  VARIATIONS    IN    COMPOSITJpN.  41 

of  the  methods  which  have  entered  into  its  development  may  offer  a 
partial  justification  for  its  form. 

It  will  be  seen,  therefore,  that  by  having  the  total  carbon  factor  in 
connection  with  the  usual  results  from  proximate  analysis,  we  have 
vc  =  C  —  fc  ( total  carbon  minus  fixed  carbon ),  and  from  this  we  develop 
the  ratio  of  ~  .  The  curve  index  of  ~  x  vc  =  "H".  An  illustration  of 
the  use  of  the  curve  is  as  follows :  In  the  following  table  Alabama  coal 
No.  1  shows  fc  =  53.71 :  C  =  72.16 ;  hence  vc  -  18.45  and  ~  -  £J|  -  25.56. 
By  reference  to  figure  8  this  reading  of  the  abscissa  indicates  on  the 
curve  that  21.3%  of  vc  =  H,  i.  e..  .213x18.45  =  3.93  or  the  percent  of 
the  available  hydrogen  in  the  coal. 

Slight  deviations  from  the  curve,  which  refers  to  bituminous  coals 
proper,  are  met  with  in  the  case  of  lignites  and  coals  of  the  cannel 
type.  These  are  provided  for  in  the  subsidiary  curve  b,  c  and  d. 
Their  use  is  illustrated  under  the  topic  "  Variations  from  the  Bitu- 
minous Type." 

VARIATIONS    FROM    THE    BITUMINOUS    TYPE. 

For  indicating  variations  from  the  true  bituminous  type,  the  inert 
volatile  matter  is  an  all  important  factor.  It  is -better  if  it  be  brought 
as  near  as  possible  to  the  oxygen- hydrogen  basis  and  referred  to  the 
ash  and  water-free  or  pure  coal  condition.  This  is  accomplished,  as 
already  indicated,  by  subtracting  from  100%  the  sum  of  the  total 
carbon,  available  hydrogen,  ash,  water  and  sulphur,  and  dividing  this 
by  100%,  minus  the  ash  and  water.  The  result  shows  a  striking 
uniformity  in  that  the  percentage  of  combined  water  from  this  type 
of  coal  falls  almost  entirely  within  the  range  of  from  11  to  16%  of 
the  pure  coal.  These  variations,  however,  are  to  be  noted.  As  we 
approach  the  lignitic  end,  where  the  ratio  of  volatile  carbon  to  total 
carbon  exceeds  27%,  we  may  find  an  accompanying  ratio  of  inert 
volatile  exceeding  16%.  If  it  falls  between  16  and  20%,  or  between 
20  and  30% .  we  are  dealing  with  lignites  proper  and  shall  need  to 
correct  our  factor  for  available  hydrogen  by  reading  from  the  sub- 
sidiary curve  "d,"  figure  8,  if  the  ratio  of  combined  water  exceeds 
20%.  and  from  the  curve  "c"  if  between  16  and  20%.  This  is  in 
accord  with  the  equations  already  used  for  illustration  (Table  5)  and 
agrees  with  the  well-known  fact  that  as  the  oxygen  content  of  lignites 
increases,  the  factor  for  available  hydrogen  decreases. 

Another  deviation  from  the  true  bituminous  type  is  met  with  which 
has  opposite  characteristics.     These  are  of  the  cannel  type  and  have 


42 


COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS    COALS. 


[BULL.   3 


a  carbon  ratio  in  excess  of  32%,  but  a  combined  water  ratio  of  from 
8  to  11%.  These  should  have  a  corresponding  increase  in  their  index 
factor,  and  this  is  indicated  in  figure  8  by  the  curve  marked  ub." 
These  variations  have  entered  into  the  computations  for  the  table. 

In  the  subjoined  table,  fairly  representative  types  of  coal  have  been 
taken  for  illustrating  the  adaptability  of  the  above  method  for  indi- 
cating the  available  hydrogen  from  proximate  results  where  the  total 
carbon  is  also  included  as  one  of  the  factors.  In  this  table  the 
method  for  finding  the  hydrogen  by  means  of  the  curve,  as  in  the 
first  hydrogen  column,  has  been  indicated  above,  page  41.  In  the 
next  column,  the  hydrogen  from  ultimate  analysis  equals  the  total 
hydrogen g-.  The  column  for  hydrogen  calculated  from  indi- 
cated calories  is  found  thus: 

Indicated  Calories-(8080  C  -f2250  S) 


3446U 


H. 


To  test  the  adaptability  of  the  curve  the  results  from  the  St.  Louis 
Testing  Plant,  and  also  by  Lord  and  Haas,*  have  been  added,  and 
also  the  data  on  coals  as  published  in  the  last  Report  of  the  Michigan 
Geological  Survey,  Vol.  VIII. 


TABLE  VI. 

Part  I. 

From  Report  of  Coal  Testing  Plant,  St.  Louis,  1904f. 


Description. 

H 

c 

EL 

o 

3* 

o 

3 

o 

< 

a> 
o 

to 

~t 

cr 

3 
p 

PC 

PC 

fB 
g- 

5' 
m 

3 
3 

n 

ri 

Hydrogen 
Values. 

C 

0 

In 

EC 

ov; 
ca 
<o 

:  n> 

•     3 

:  o 

;     3 

3* 

to  ^ 

^3 

33 

SL3 

VI  — ■ 
V) 

to 

CD  5" 
^1 

r,  3 
2L 

1 

Alabama,  No.  1 

72.16 

69  24 
75.68 
80.03 
76.37 
61.13 
62.01 
54.06 
67.30 
61.79 
58.02 
TO.  51 
62.20 
62.97 
69.85 

18.45 
17.50 
7.56 
6.37 
8.72 
18.10 
20.93 
18.82 
15.14 
17  49 
17.35 
13.05 
19.53 
20.21 
19.80 

25.56 
25.27 
10.00 
7.96 
11.41 
29.60 
33.73 
32.96 
22.50 
28.3 
29.9 
21.5 
31.4 
32.09 
28.34 

21.1 
21.6 
45.0 
55.0 
44.0 
16.9 
16.8 
17.0 
24.4 
19.0 
18.2 
25.2 
17.6 
17.3 
19.0 

3.90 
3.78 
3.40 
3.50 
3.83 
3.05 
3.52 
3.03 
3.69 
3.32 
3.16 
3.30 
3.44 
3.50 
3.76 

3.98 
3.43 
3.42 
3.73 
3.46 
2.63 
3.36 
3.05 
3.49 
3.02 
3.02 
3.11 
3.33 
3.54 
3.72 

3.92 

?, 

Alabama,  No.  2 

3.77 

a 

Arkansas,  No.  1. 

3.79 

4. 
5 

Arkansas,   No.  2 

Arkansas,   No.  3 

3.62 
4.02 

6. 

7 

Colorado,  No.  1 

Illinois,  No.  1 

3.02 
3.64 

X 

Illinois,  No.  2 

2.92 

q 

Illinois,  No.  3 

3  62 

10 

Illinois,  No.  4 

3.14 

n 

Illinois,  No.  5 

3.32 

r> 

Illinois,  No.  6 

3.51 

13 

3.63 

14 

3.53 

15. 

Indian  Territory,    No.  1 

3.84 

*  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Vol.  XXVII. -266- Y. 
tU.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Prof.  Pap.  48. 


PARR] 


ANALYSIS    OF    COALS. 


4:* 


From   Report  of  Coal  Testing  Plant,  St.  Louis,  1904 — Concluded. 


Description. 

H 
o 

5L 

o 

cr 
o 

3 

0 

< 
O 

K 

~t 
cr 
O 

3 
r. 

X 

CO 
K 

9r 
5" 

s 

3 
o 

< 

ft 

Hydrogen 

\  ALUES. 

C 

1? 

EC 

:   2 
:   3 

;     3 

X 
3" 
E  "*■ 
no 
3S 
S  E 
'<  — 

X 
o  • 
-f  -t 

S.B 

n  ' 

01 

16. 

1 7 . 
18 

Indian  Territory,    No.  2 

Indian  Territory,    No.  3 

Indian  Territory,     No.  4 

71.49 
68.18 
63.21 
52.39 
6i.80 
HO.  36 
60.62 
61.25 

21.70 
20.36 
19.31 
15.34 
15.29 
18.62 
21.63 
20.03 
15.37 
18.21 
15.51 
17.82 
18.22 
16.93 
21.23 
21.37 
19.79 
19.71 
19.23 
17.23 
15.68 
27.98 
17.38 
17.44 
18.68 
19.05 
15  67 
23.06 
17.20 
22.95 
23.94 
17.74 
16.34 
18.39 
11.09 
8. SO 
19.83 
16.68 
9.99 
8.32 
9.25 
18.85 
17  89 

30.35 
29.86 
30.  f  4 
29.28 
24.74 
30  85 
35.68 
32.70 
25.66 

26  69 
24.56 
25.80 
28.02 
23.54 

27  11 
31.59 
29  64 
29.63 
32.05 
30.63 
28.61 
38.61 
28.77 
27 .  10 
33.29 
36.17 
28.40 
44.2 
30.0 
29  3 
32.16 
23  30 
20.89 
21.46 
13.26 
10.68 
25  18 
21.02 
11.63 
10.55 
11.06 
32.27 
32. 3^ 

18.0 
18.2 
17.9 
18.6 
22.1 
17.8 
16.2 
17.1 
21.0 
20.2 
22.3 
21.0 
19.2 
23.4 
19.9 
17.5 
18.4 
18.4 
17.3 
17.9 
18.9 
17.0 
17.3 
18.4 
15.4 
12.6 
15.5 
11.2 
14.7 
18.6 
18.8 
23.7 
25.7 
25.4 
33.5 
43.1 
21.6 
25  6 
37.0 
37.25 
35.6 
15.8 
15.7 

3.90 
3.71 
3.46 
2.85 
3.38 
3.31 
3.52 
3.41 
3.23 
3.68 
3.69 
4.01 
3.77 
3.96 
4.22 
3.74 
3.64 
3.63 
3.33 
3.08 
2.98 
4.75 
3.01 
3.21 
2.88 
2.40 
2.58 
2.58 
2.52 
4.27 
4.50 
4.15 
4.20 
4.16 

■"4 '.28 
4.25 

"2".  98 
2.81 

3.89 
3.54 
3.20 
2.63 
3.25 
3.45 
3.54 
3.24 
3.58 
3.87 
3.73 
4.08 
4.05 
4  04 
4.26 
3.75 

3  '48 
3.58 
3.07 
2.98 
4.50 
2.75 
3.09 
2.96 
1  83 
1.74 
2.38 
2.06 
4.31 
4.13 
4.15 
4.09 
4.01 
4.17 
■3.65 
4.36 
4.24 
4.17 
3.56 
3  98 
2.47 
2.92 

4  04 
3  87 

3.27 

19 

Indian  Territory,    No.  5 

2.54 

"0 

Iowa,  No.  ] 

3.54 

•'I 

Iowa,  No.  2 

3.53 

•~:V 

Iowa,  No.  a 

Iowa,  No.  4 

3.65 
3.45 

•'1 

59.89 

3  45 

•>- 

K  ansas.  No.  1 

e8.22 
63  14 

3.72 

26 

3.93 
4  23 

•>- 

69.07 
65.02 
71.90 
78.31 
67.64 
66.75 
66.50 
60.00 
56  25 

2K. 
29. 
30. 
31. 

Kansas,  No.  4 

Kansas,  No  5 

Kentucky,  No.  1 

Kentucky,  No.  2 

Kentucky,  No.  3 

4.13 
4.18 
4.93 
4.43 
3.93 

33 

Kentucky,  No.  4 

3.92 

:s4 

Missouri,  No.  1 

3  53 

IHi 

3  31 

36 

Missouri,  No.  3 .... 

54.79 
72.45 
60.41 
64.34 
56.71 
52.66 
55.16 
52.06 
57  31 

2.86 

37. 
38. 
39 

Missouri,  No.  4 

Montana.  No.  1 

New  Mexico,    No.  1 

4.71 
3.12 
3.31 

40. 
41. 
4° 

New  Mexico,    No.  2 

North  Dakota.  No.  1 

North  Dakota,  No.  2 

3.06 
2.13 
2.32 

♦3 

Texas,  No.  1 

2.81 

44 

2  48 

4:, 

W.Virginia,  No.  1 

78.31 
74.44 
76.12 

78.21 
78.36 
83.62 
82.41 
78.75 
79.35 
85.91 
79.12 

58.41 
55.29 

4.41 

4* 

\V.  Virginia,  No. 2 

4.66 

47. 
48 

W.  Virginia.  No.  3 

\V.  Virerinia,  No.  4.. 

4.22 
4.40 

4«» 

4  32 

50. 

51 

W.  Virginia,  No.  6 

W.  Virginia,  No.  7 

4.44 
4.54 

r." 

W.Virginia,  No.  8 

4.29 

53. 

54. 
55 
56. 
57 
58. 

W.Virginia,  No.  9 

W.Virginia.  No.   10 

W  .  \  irginia,  No.  11 

Wyoming,  No.  1 

Wyoming,    No.  2 

4.51 
4.30 
3.93 
3.94 
2.96 
3.47 

Part  II. 

Results  by  Lord  and  Haas*. 

Upper  Freeport  Coal,  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio. 


1.    East  Palestine,   Ohio 

70  58 
73.23 
74.39 
73.15 
74.73 
70.61 
71.40 
72.62 
71.29 
73.57 
73.64 
72.65 

17.93 

21.91 
21.05 
22  °7 
23 !  19 
20.25 
22.10 
19.82 
20.59 
21.27 
20.94 
21.02 

25.40 
29.92 
28.30 
30.44 
31.03 
20.68 
30.95 
27.29 
28  88 
28.91 
28  44 
28.93 

21.5 

18.2 
19.1 
18.0 
175 
18.9 
17.6 
19.6 
18.7 
18.7 
19  0 
18.7 

3.85 
3.99 
4.02 
4.01 
3.96 
3.83 
3.89 
3.78 
3  85 
3.98 
3.98 
3.93 

3.91 
4.05 
4.18 
4.06 
4.25 
3.90 
3.29 
4.02 
3.84 
4.09 
3.88 
3.94 

3.83 

2.    East  Palestine,   Ohio 

3.98 

3.     Waterford,  Ohio 

3.97 

4.    Yellow  Creek,  Ohio 

4.25 

5.    Steuhenville.  Ohio 

4.06 

6.    Cambridge,  Ohio 

3.81 

7.     Steuhenville,  Ohio 

3.70 

8.    Salineville,   Ohio 

3.87 

9.     Palestine.  Ohio 

4.22 

10.    N.  Galilee,   Pa 

3.68 

11      Palestine.  Ohio 

3.88 

12.           Average 

3.93 

*Trans.  Amer.  Inst.  Min.  Eng..  Vol.  XXVII. 


44 


COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS    COALS. 


[BULL.  3 


Table  VI,  Part  II—  Concluded. 
Pittsburg  Coal,  Pennsylvania. 


Description. 


ii  ydrogen 

Values. 


Carnegie,  Pa 

Turtle  Creek,  Pa 

Carnegie,  Pa 

Carnegie,  Pa 

Creedmore 

N.  Mansfield.... 

Turtle  Creek 

Average 


77.20 

21.00 

27.19 

76.56 

19.97 

26.21 

76.57 

21.51 

28.09 

73.50 

21.50 

29.25 

74.45 

23.31 

31.31 

73.91 

21.26 

28.56 

74.48 

21.48 

28.83 

75.24 

21.43 

28.48 

19.8 
20.6 
19.2 
18.6 
17.51 
19.0! 
18.81 
19.0! 


4.16 

4.20 

4  11 

4.35 

4.13 

4.03 

4.00 

4.18 

4.08 

4.27 

4.04 

4.04 

4.04 

4.01 

4.07 

4.15 

?3 
Co 

O  Q. 

n  ' 


4.09 
4.08 
4.46 
4.06 
4  17 
3.88 
3.88 
4.09 


Middle  Kittanning  (Darlington  Coal),  Pennsylvania. 


Hoytdale 

Beaver  Creek... 

Wampum 

Near  Wampum. 

Hoytdale 

Wampum 

Clinton 

Average  


77.83 

20.18 

25.93 

20.8 

4.18 

4.05 

74.60 

19.18 

25.71 

21.0 

4.03 

4.03 

77.93 

22.16 

28  44 

19.0 

4.21 

4.18 

76.81 

20.95 

27.16 

19.9 

4.17 

4.16 

72.78 

19.28 

26.49 

20.4 

3.93 

3.61 

72.82 

21.97 

30.17 

18.1 

3.99 

4.18 

73.57 

19.77 

26.87 

20.0 

3.95 

3.87 

75.19 

20.50 

27.26 

19.8 

4.06 

4.01 

4.23 
3.73 
4.27 
4.07 
3.84 
3.90 
3.80 
3.98 


29. 


Middle  Kittanning  (Hocking  Valley  Coal)  Ohio. 


Hocking  Lump 

Run  of  mine 

Hocking  lump.. 
Average 


69.42 

19.10 

27.51 

19.6 

3.741    3.32 

66.50 

16.96 

25.50 

21.2 

3.62     3  22 

68.18 

19  13 

28  06 

19.2 

3.67     3.48 

68.03 

18.39 

27.03 

19.9 

3.66|    3.34 

3.58 
3.14 
3.10 
3.27 


Thacker  Coal,    West  Virginia. 

33.  Run  of  mine |  78.901  21.801  27.63-     19.51    4.251    4.281    3.96 

34.  Nut  coal I  78.40    22.15    28.25     19.2     4.25     4.25     4.34 

35.  Average I  78.65|  2l.98|  27.94|    19.8|    4.251    4.271    4.15 

Pocahontas   Coal. 


36.  Run  of  mine 

37.  Run  of  mine 
58.  •  Run  of  mine 
39.  Average . 


83.75 

10.10 

12.06 

36.73 

3.71 

3.80 

85.46 

10.34 

12.09 

35.5 

3.67 

3.85 

85.40 

9.65 

10.13 

40.7 

3.93 

3.90 

84.87 

10.03 

11.81 

37.8 

3.77 

3.85 

3.71 

3.67 


3.77 


Mahoning  Coal. 


40    Salinevllle,  O I  71.131  20.181  28.371    19. 


,85|     3.74| 


PARR.] 


HYDROGEN   CURVES. 


Table  VI,  Part  I II—  Concluded. 


Michigan  Coals*. 


H 

< 

W 

ft 

Hydrogen 

c 

o 

p 

n 

Values. 

a 

o 

5" 

B 

tU 

pa 

<">  n 

3Q 

2*3 

63  • 

Description. 

o 

o 
(a 

•    1° 

c  a 
3  c! 

ft? 

cr 
o 

3 

rccrc) 

S3 

o^ 

0 

3 

< 
o 

o 

c 

:   3 
:  3 

II 

ft 

:   s1 

5"      i  ? 

] 

Michigan, 
Michigan, 
Michigan, 
Michigan, 
Michigan, 
Michigan, 
Michigan, 
Michigan, 
Michigan, 

No.  1 

71.11 
71.67 
71.37 

72.88 
73.55 
72.42 
65.87 
68.33 
68.07 

17.16 

17.87 
18.79 
19.92 
28.27 
27.78 
24.71 
23.18 
22.01 

24.13 
24.93 
26.33 
27.33 
38.43 
38.36 
37.51 
33.92 
32.34 

22.8 
21.9 
20.6 
19.8 
15.5 
15.6 
17.2 
18.2 
18.8 

3.91 
3.91 
3.87 
3.94 
4.38 
4.33 
4.25 
4.22 
4.14 

3.64 

3.84 
3.33 
3.81 
4.72 
4.67 
4.24 
4.17 
4.62 

3.74 

p 

No.2     

3.87 

3 

No. 3     

3.88 

1 

No.  4     

3.80 

-, 

No.  5 

4  45 

fi 

No.  6                    

4.59 

7 

No. 7     .                                         

4.01 

R 

No.  8  

4.46 

9. 

No.9 

4.17 

10 

Michigan, 
Michigan, 
Michigan, 

No.  10 

62.29 
63.57 
73.09 

20.62 
21.41 
23.75 

33.10 
33.68 

18.4 
18.2 

18.7 

3.79 
3.90 
4.44 

3.77 

3.99 
3.90 

4.32 

11 

No. 11.                                

4.15 

12. 

No.  12 

32.49 

4.51 

A  graphic  illustration  of  the  relative  values  obtained  as  in  table 
VI.  is  shown  in  figure  9.  The  values  for  hydrogen,  calculated  from 
the  indicated  calories,  have  been  arranged  serially  to  correspond  with 
the   numbers   in  table    VI. ,  represented  by  the  straight  line.     The 

hydrogen  as  developed  from  ultimate  analysis  (H g-)  is   located 

above  or  below  this  point  in  tenths  of  a  per  cent  and  indicated  by 
a  dot,  connected  by  a  continuous  line. 

The  hydrogen  as  indicated  by  the  curve  is  similarly  located  with 
reference  to  the  hydrogen  from  indicated  calories  and  is  shown  by  the 
small  circle,  connected  by  a  dotted  line.  It  should  be  noted  that 
divisions  above  and  below  indicate  variation  of  0.1%.  Divisions 
horizontally  are  without  significance.  The  figures  at  the  lower  mar- 
gin of  the  chart  refer  to  the  corresponding  analysis  in  table  VI. 
Alternate  numbers  only  have  been  taken  as  being  sufficient  for  the 
purpose  of  illustration.  The  complete  comparison  is  available  in 
table  VI. 


*Michigan  Geol.  Surv.,  Vol.  VIII.,  pp.  107-119. 


4(> 


COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS    COALS. 


[BULL.  3 


I      I      I 

I     I 

III 

I      I      I 

I     I 

I     I     I     I     I     I     I 

V 

^n 

•1 

2F  ?0I 

nc 

PLfl 

,; 

o 

' 

ex 

• 

'  /S, 

/  \ 

,. 

UJ 

: 

Tt 

V    > 

■ 

5 

'/ 

^7— 

z 

J 

x^ 

-1° 

/ 

\ 

Z_ 

/ : 

^2-— 

- 

\ 

-->k 

/ 

\i 

/ 

y^ 

< 

\ 

u 

-¥~ 

Q 

r 

rfsuit.s  ry  i  ord  Ann  haa.s,  tr  an   ih.st .  min  .Friers 

o 

to 

rR 

dm   r 

CM 

I  w' 

n    c- 

5F  pni 

i 

> 

■ 

, 

'  i 

"^ 

I 

S  . 

in 

\    > 

'  / 

-S 

/ 

i 

o 

-- 

»•• 

\\ 

/ 

7T 

\ 

V 

a 

A 

l^ 

\ 

/ 

• 

"h' 

-    \ 

■ 

/ 

l> 

/ 

\ 

/ 

. 

i 

/ 

\. 

/ 

' 

\ 

1 

L      - 

r 

i 

\ 

L_ 

13       (5       17       II      21      23      25      27     21     31       33       35     37       31 

—  FROn    CALORIES     \  . -•  FROM  CURVE 
/^FROM    ULTIMATE  AnflLYSlS 


^     45     47     41      53      58 

riUMBERIMG    sunt.     AS 
ID  TABLE       VI 


Fig.  9— Comparison  of  the  values  of  available  h3'drogen  as  determined  by  various 
methods. 

In  the  above  table  we  have  tested  the  adaptability  of  the  curve  to 
upwards  of  one  hundred  samples  of  coal  widely  distributed  through- 
out the  United  States.  In  comparing  the  available  hydrogen  thus 
developed  with  the  hydrogen  obtained  by  ultimate  analysis,  it  would 
appear  that  the  results  on  the  average  are  quite  as  accurate  as  those 
by  the  latter  process.  Whether  this  will  satisfy  all  the  uses  to  which 
the  factor  for  available  hydrogen  is  desired,  may  not  now  enter  into 
the  question.  It  seems  fair,  however,  to  assume  that  it  may  be  made 
use  of  in  developing  the  factor  for  the  non-combustible  part  of  the 
volatile  matter. 

INERT    VOLATILE    MATTER. 


If  now  we  have  the  available  hydrogen  and  assuming  that  we  have 
the  total  carbon,  together  with  the  usual  data  of  a  proximate  analy- 
sis, the  inert  volatile  matter  may  be  found  by  subtracting  from  HXX; 
the  sum  of  the  total  carbon,  available  hydrogen,  sulphur,  ash  and 
water.  To  have  any  value  for  comparison,  however,  this  remainder 
should  be  reduced  to  the  pure,  or  ash  and  water  free  coal,  by  dividing 
by  one  hundred,  minus  the  ash  and  water.  To  illustrate  the' use  of 
this  factor  the  same  coals  as  in  table  VI.  have  been  tabulated,  giving 


PARR.] 


ANALYSES    OF    COALS. 


47 


the  usual  results  as  obtained  by  proximate  analysis,  and  by  addition 
of  the  factor  for  total  carbon,  deducing  the  column  for  the  hydrogen, 
the  carbon  ratio  and  the  inert  volatile  matter. 


TABLE  VII. 

Part  I. 
From  Report  of  Coal-Testing  Plant,  St.  Louis,  1904. 


Description*. 


Proximate 
Analysis. 


Additional 
Factors. 


Deduced 
Values. 


o 


10. 
11. 
12 
13! 

14. 
15. 
16. 

17. 
In. 
19. 
20. 

21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 

2:,. 
26. 

27. 
28. 

2'.-. 
30. 
31. 
32. 
33. 
34. 
3.7. 

36. 

37. 
38. 
39. 
to. 
tl. 
42. 
43 
41. 
4.7. 
46. 
47. 
48. 


Alabama.  No.  1 

Alabama,  No.  2 

Arkansas,  No.  1 

Arkansas,  No.  2 

Arkansas,  No.  3 

Colorado,  No.  1 

Illinois,  No.  1 

Illinois,  No.  2 

Illinois,  No.  3 

Illinois,  No-  4 

Illinois,  No.  5 

Illinois,  No.  6 

Indiana,  No.  1 

Indiana.  No.  2 

Indian  Territory,  No.  1 

Indian  Territory,  No.  2 

Indian  Territory,  No.  3 

Indian  Territory,  No.  4 

Indian  Territory,  No.  5 

Iowa,  \'o.  1 

Iowa,  No.  2 

Iowa,  No.  3 

Iowa,  No.  4 

Iowa.  No.  5 

Kansas,  No.  1 

Kansas.  No.  2 

Kansas,  No.  3 

Kansas,  No.  4 

Kansas,  No.  5 

Kentucky,  No.  1 

Kentucky,  No.  2 

Kentucky,  No.  3 

Kentucky,  No.  4 

Missouri,  No.  1 

Missouri,  No.  2 

Missouri,  No.  3 

Missouri,  No.  4 

Montana,  No.  1 

New  Mexico,  No.  1 

New  Mexico,  No.  2 

North  Dakota,  No.  1 

North  Dakota,  No.  2 

Texas,  No.  1 

Texas,  No.  2 

West  Virginia.  No.  1 

West  Virginia,  No.  2 

West  Virginia,  No.  3  

West  Virginia,  No.  4 

West  Virginia,  No.  5 


2.58 
1.17 
0.74 
0.80 

13.49 
6.28 
5.31 
5.96 

11.40 
5.16 
5.13 
8.66 
6.24 
3.87 
1.70 
3.45 
4.91 
5.74 
5.21 
4.25 
4.52 

10.03! 
9  22 
3.74> 
2.23 
2.50 
3.57 
1.84 
1.92 
5.36 
5.85 
2.54 
3.50 
9.14 
5.51 
5.39 
9.05 

10.86 
8.13 

15.42 

16.70 

13.40! 

10.66 

1.35 

1.46 

1.00 

98 

.65 


32.10 

33.15 

17.83 

16.26 

19.75 

37.11 

38.92 

34.29 

30.29 

32.45 

34.98 

32.68 

34.86 

37.49 

35.73 

37.19i 

37.45 

37.79 

31.46 

31.76 

37.02 

40.96 

37.27 

32.71 

33.11 

31.87 

33.80 

37.00 

32.40 

36. 56 

38.99 

36.90 

36.08 

35.35 

34.53 

32  08 

44.91 

36.70 

35.14 

34.82 

38.73 

37.10 

42  75 

39.42 

36.92 

40.14 

30.25 

28.72 

29  20l 


53.71 1 

51.74 

68.12 

73.66' 

67.65 

43.03 

41.081 

36.24 

52.16 

44.30! 

40.67 

47.46! 

42.67 

42.76 

50.05 

49.79 

47.82 

43.90 

37.05 

46.51) 

41.74 

38.99! 

41.22 

44.52 

50.01 

47.63 

51.25 

46.80 

54.97 

57.08i 

46.27J 

46.96 

46.79 

40.771 

39.02 

39.111 

44.17 

43.03 

46.90 

37.83 

33.61 

39.49 

29  OOi 

40.11 

55.36 

50.50 

58  38 

61.87 


12.64 
12.53 
12.88 

9.34 
11.80 

6.37! 
13.72 
24  16 
11.59 
11.85 
19.19 
14.731 
13.81 
13.51 
10.351 
11.32 

II  28 
13.40 
25.75 
16.52 
16.99 
15.53 
11.48 
13.55 
13.14 
18.27 
12.47 
12.63 
10.79 

4.44 

9.38, 

10.29 

14.59 

20.38; 

17.31 

23  30 

5.23 

11.22 

7.10 

19  22 

12.24 

6.71 

14.85 

9.81 

6.37 

7.90 

III  37 
8.43 

10.181 


0.73 
1.02 
1.27 
1.90 
1.30 
0.58 
4.25 
4.301 
1.77 
1.341 
3.76| 
4.45 
2.58 

4.  f0 
1.99 
1.561 
3.67 
4.02 
4.06 
5.20 
5.20 
6.83 
4.46 
3.42[ 
4.34 
6.40 
5.68 
8.33 
3.86 
1.24 
3.72 
3.60 
4.67 
5.53 
5.30 
4.13 

5 .  55 
1.76 

.64 
1.30 
2  02 

.63 
1.04 

'90 

3.50 

1.07 

.90 

.991 


72.16 

59.24 


18.45 
17.50 
7.56 
6.37 


80.03 
76.37 
61.13   18.10 
62.01    20 
54.061  17.82 
67.30    15.14 


61.79 
58.02 
60.51 
62.20 
62.97 
69.85 
71.49| 
68.18 
63.21 


17.49 
17.35 
13.05 
19. 
20. 
19.80 
21.70 
20.36 
19.31 
15.34 
61.80  15.29 
60.36  18.62 
60.62    21.63 


61.25 
59.89 
68.22 
63.14 
69.07 
65.02 
71.90 
78.31 
67.64 
66.75 
66.50 
60.00 
56.25 
54.79 
72.45 
60.41 
64.34 
56.71 
52.66 
55.16 
52.06 
57.31 
78.31 
74.44 
76.12 
78.21 
76.36 


20.03 
15.37 
18.21 
15.51 
17.82 
18.22 
16.93 
21.23 
21.37 
19.79 
19.71 
19.23 
17.23 
15.68 
27.98 
17.38 
17.44 
18.68 
19.05 
15.67 
23.06 
17.20 

22  95 

23  94 
17.74 
16.34 
18.39 


3.901 
3.78} 
3.40 
3.50 
3.83' 
3.05 
3.521 
3.03 
3.69 
3.32 


25.56 
25.27 
10.0 
7.96 
11.41 
29.60 
33.73 
32.96 
22.50 
28.3 


3.16;  29.9 

3.30  21.5 

3.44  31  4 

3.50  32.09; 

3.76  28.34 

3.90  30.35 

3.71  29.86 


3.46 

2  85 

3.38 

3.31 

3.52 

3.41    32 

3.23 

3.68 

3.69 

4.01 


30.54 
29 . 28  i 
24.74 

30.85 

35.68, 

0 


-1  °2 
3^74 

3.64 
3.63 
3.33 
3.08 


26.69 
24.56 
25.80 
28.02 
23.54 
27.11 
31.59 
29.64 
29.63 
32.05 
30.63 
2  98  28.61 
4.75  38.61 
3.01  28.77 
3.21  27  10 
2  88  33.29 
2.40  36.17 
2.58  28.40 
2.58  44.20 
2  52  30.00 
4.27  29.30 
1.50  32.16 
4.15  23.30 
4.201  20.89 
4  16l  21.46 


10.51 
12.77 
6.51 
4.55 
6.75 
19.19 
12.77 

12  95 
1 1  .  75 
13.41 
14.15 
14.82 
12.00 
11.44 
11.86 
11.53 
11.38 
13.46 

13  44 
10.08 
12.56 
11.23 
11.93 
13.84 

8.27 

7.88 

7.51 

7.97 

8.75 

10.54 

11.91 

11.76 

9.73 

9.53 

12.12 

13  05 

7.41 

18.25 

16.88 

16.18 

21.09 

23.79 

22  39 

23.90 

9.53 

9.44 

8.22 

8.03 

8  62 


48 


COMPOSITION   OF    ILLINOIS   COALS. 

Table  VII—  Continued. 


[BULL.  3. 


Description. 


50.  West  Virginia,  No.  6. 

51.  West  Virginia,  No.  7. 

52.  West  Virginia,  No.  8. 

53.  West  Virginia,  No.  9. 

54.  West  Virginia,  No.  10 

55.  West  Virginia,  No.  11 

56.  West  Virginia,  No.  12 

57.  Wyoming,  No.  1 

58.  Wyoming,  No.  2 


Proximate 

Analysis. 


u 

E 

a 

o 

03 

■^ 

-o 

ei 

<u 

O 

X 

> 

h 

.64 

.76 

1.60 

1.01 

.65 

.80 

.62 

17.69 

2.73 


21.74 

72.53 

20.54 

73.01 

32.12 

58.92 

29.53 

62.67 

18.80 

75.92 

16.90 

70.80 

18.05 

74.38 

37.96 

39.56 

37.61 

37.40 

5.09 
5.09 
7.36 
6.79 
4.63 
11.50 
6.95 
4.79 

•»   or; 


Additional 
Factors. 


.66 
1.20 
.92 
.80 
.57 
.53 
.69 
263 
4.17 


83  62 

11.09 

82.41 

8.80 

78.75 

19.83 

79.35 

16.68 

85.91 

9.99 

79.12 

8.32 

83.63 

9.25 

58.41 

18.85 

55.29 

17.89 

Deduced 
Values. 


E 

1 

o 

<u 

M-i 

'w-h 

a  rt 

*IU 

1«. 

K£ 

o 

.  vS 

'E3 

rt 

v'<LS 

33 

K 

4.17 

13.26 

6.17 

3.65 

10.68 

7.35 

4.28 

25.18 

7.78 

4.25 

21.02 

8.46 

4.17 

11.63 

4.28 

3.56 

10.55 

5.10 

3.98 

11.06 

4.47 

2.98 

32.27 

19.99 

2.81 

32.36 

17.00 

Part  II. 

Results  by  Lord  and  Haas,  Tr.  Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Vol.  27. 

Upper  Freeport  Coal,  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania. 


East  Palestine.  C 
East  Palestine,  U 
Waterford.  O  .... 
Yellow  Creek,  O 
Steuben ville,  O. , 
Cambridge,  O  ... 
Steubenville,  O. . 
Salineville,  O.... 

Palestine,  O 

N.Galilee,  Pa  ... 
Palestine,  O 


Average 


.82 
1.65 
1.55 
1.23 
1.47 
2.43 
2.40 
2.80 
2.15 
2.3C 
2.45 


34.98 
37.45 
37.29 
38.72 
39.23 
37.79 
39.20 
36.30 
36.70 
36.70 
36.60 


1.93    37.35 


52.65 
51.32 
53.34 
50.88 
51.54 
50.36 
49.30 
52.80 
50.70 
52.  SO 
52  70 


51.63 


11.89 
9.58 
7.82 
9  17 
7.66 
9.42 
9.10 
8.10 

10.45 
8.70 
8.25 


9.10 


3.65 
1.75 
3.44 
3.89 
2.85 
3.01 
3.00 
3.00 
2.64 
2.24 
2.34 


70.58 
73,23 
74.39 
73.15 
74.73 
70.61 
71.40 
72.62 
71.29 
73.57 
73.64 


2.89   72.65 


17.93 

3.85 

25.40 

10.54 

21  91 

3.99 

29.92 

11.28 

21.05 

4.02 

28.30 

9.68 

22.27 

4.01 

30.44 

9.52 

23.19 

3.96 

31.03 

10.26 

20.25 

3.83 

20.68 

12.25 

22.10 

3.89 

30.95 

11.53 

19.82 

3.78 

27.29 

10.99 

20.59 

3.85 

28  88 

11.00 

21.27 

3.98 

29.91 

10.34 

20  94 

3.98 

28.44 

10.45 

21.02 

3.93 

28.93 

10.67 

Carnegie,  Pa 

Turtle  Creek 

Carnegie 

Carnegie 

Creedmore 

North  Mansfield. 
Turtle  Creek 


Pittsburg  Coal,  Pennsylvania. 


Average 


1.45 

1.08 
1.07 
1.08 
1  09 
2.10 
1.75 


1.37 


36  42 
34.38 
37.79 
37.67 

38.91 
36.20 
36.20 


36.80 


56.20 

5.93 

56.59 

7.95 

55  06 

6.08 

52.00 

9.25 

51  14 

8.86 

52.65 

9.05 

53.00 

9.05 

53.81 

8.02 

1.42 

77.20 

21.00 

4.16 

27.19 

10.62 

1.60 

76.56 

19.97 

4.11 

26.21 

9.56 

1.76 

76.57 

21.51 

4.13 

28.09 

11.19 

2.54 

78.50 

21.50 

4.00 

29.25 

9.62 

1.80 

74.45 

23.31 

4  08 

31  31 

10.91 

1.77 

73.91 

21.26 

4.04 

28.56 

10.27 

1.66 

74.48 

21.48 

4.04 

28.83 

10.11 

1.79 

75.24 

21.43 

4.07 

28.48 

10.49 

Middle  Kittanning  (Darlington   Coal),  Pennsylvania. 


Hoytdale 

Beaver  Creek  . . 

Wampum 

Near  Wampum 

Hoytdale 

Wampum 

Clinton 


Average 


1.60 

36.40 

57.65 

4.35 

1.57 

77.83 

20.18 

4.191  25.93 

1.50 

34.33 

55.42 

8.75 

1.96 

74.60 

19.18 

4.03    25.71 

0.75 

38.53 

55.77 

4.95 

2.35 

77.93 

22.16 

4.21    28.44 

0.70 

36.80 

55.85 

6.65 

1.18 

76.81 

20.95 

4.17    27.16 

2.70 

35.10 

53.50 

8.70 

1.68 

72.78 

19.28 

3.931  26.49 

2.85 

37.50 

50.85 

8.80 

3.25 

72.82 

21.97 

3  99|  30.17 

2.55 

35.60 

53.80 

8.05 

1  86 

73.57 

19.77 

3.95  .26.87 

1.81 

36.32 

54.69 

7.18 

1.98 

75.19 

20.50 

4.06    27.26 

12.18 
10.20 
10.40 
11.32 
11.52 
9.27 
11.20 

10.74 


29. 


32. 


Middle  Kittanning  (Hocking  Coal),  Chio. 


Hocking  lump. 
Run  of  mine  ... 
Hocking  lump. 

Average 


6.72 
6.65 
6.40 


6.59 


37.13 
34.14 

36.05 


35.77 


50.32 
49.54 
49.05 

5.83 
9.67 
8.50 

1.67 
1.67 
1.43 

69.42 
66.50 
68.18 

49.64 

8.00 

1.59 

68.03 

19.10 
16.96 
19.13 

3.741  27.51 
3.62    25.50 
3.67    28.06 

14.54 
11.30 
13.77 

18.39 

3.661  27.03 

14.32 

PARK    | 


FRAZERS     CLASSIFICATION 

Table  I  II—  Con  eluded. 


49 


Thacker  Coal.    West  Virginia. 


Description*. 

Proximate 
Analysis. 

Additional 
Factors. 

Deduced 
Values. 

Moisture. 

o 
| 

to 

3 
to 

-r, 

X 

to 

P- 

pa 

C 
H 

Ash. 

Sulphui . 

Volatile  carbon. 
Total  carbon. 

°  — 
<  a 

1 

Inert  volatile 
pure  coal 

basis. 

vc 
Ratio 

C. 

33 

Run  of  mine 

1.40    35.00 
1.35    3fi  35 

57.10 
56  25 

6  50 
6.05 

1.16    78.90    21.80 
1.40    78.40    22.15 

1 
4.25    27.63      8.45 

■;i 

4  2";    28.25      9.23 

Average 

T38 

35. 

35.68 

56.67 

6.27 

1.28 

78.65    21.9s; 

4  25    27.94      8.84 

Salineville,  O 


Mahoning  Coal. 

3.15    35.00    50.95    10.90     1.86    71.13    20.18     3.85    28.37    10.: 


Part  III 


From  Michigan  Geological  Report,  Vol. 

1.  Michigan.  No.    1 10.15  33.14!  53. 95j  2.761 

2.  Michigan,  No.    2 10.67  33.59  53.80  1.94 

3.  Michiean,  No.    3 7.79  34.74  52.58  4.89' 

4.  Michigan,  No.    4 7.58  35.70  52.96  3.76 

5.  Michigan,  No.    5 5  58  40.73  45.28  2.41 

6.  Michigan,  No.    6 5.93  46.59  44.64  2.84 

7.  Michigan,  No.    7 8.71  38.45  41.16  11.68 

8.  Michigan,  No.    8 5.82  39. 791  45.15  9.24 

9.  Michigan,  No.    9 6.09  39.54  46.06  8.26 

10.  Michigan,  No.  10 5.01  39.62  41.67  13  70 

11.  Michigan.No.il 4.52  40.57  42.16  12.75 

12.  Michigan.  No.  12 3.78  41.18'  49.34  5,70 


T  'III. — Michiga  a  Con  Is . 


1.10  71.11 

1.01  71.67 

1.01  71.37 

1.50  72.88 

2.83  73  55 

3.07  72.42 

2.72  65. S7 

3.83  68.33 

5.72  68.07 

6.66  62.29 

6.92  63.57 

2.50  73.09; 


17.16 
17.87 
18.79 
19.92 
28  27 
27.78 
24.71 
23.18 
22. 0L 
20  62 
21.41 
23.75 


3.911 

3.91J 

3.87 
3.94 
4  38 
4.33 
4.25 
4.22 
4.14 
3.79 
3.90 


24.13 
24.93 
26.33 
27.33 
38.43 
38.36 
37.51 
33.92 
32.34 
33.10 
33.68 


4.44|  32.49 


12.60 
12.36 
12.67 
11.66 
12.22 
12.56 

8.50 
10.19 

9.40 
10.51 
10.08 
11.58 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  COALS. 

In  the  discussion  that  has  preceded,  the  attempt  has  been  made  to 
illustrate  the  progressive  nature  of  the  decomposition  that  has  re- 
sulted in  coal  as  we  find  it.  The  fundamental  properties  of  the 
material,  those  which  relate  to  quality  and  behavior  are  directly 
involved  in  the  ratios  and  percentages  of  the  decomposition  products 
as  already  outlined.  A  scheme  of  classification,  therefore,  to  have 
any  intelligent  significance  should  be  an  expression  of  these  proper- 
ties. It  should  be  susceptible  of  practical  or  commercial  interpreta- 
tion and  at  the  same  time  be  based  on  scientific  data. 

The  scheme  of  classification  at  present  most  widely  recognized  is 
that  proposed  by  Fazer.*      It  has  the  merit  of  being  intelligible  from 

♦Trans.  Amer.  Inst.  Ming.  Engrs.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  430. 


•GS4 


50  Composition  of  Illinois  Coals.  [bull's. 

the  industrial  standpoint.  It  does  not,  however,  embody  certain 
phases  that  seem  desirable  from  the  standpoint  of  our  discussion 
thus  far.  Indeed,  in  his  recent  admirable  defense  of  this  classifica- 
tion,* he  says: 

"I  emphasized  the  importance  of  separating  the  water  from  the 
volatile  combustible  matter  before  attempting  the  calculation  of  a 
fuel  ratio  and  subsequent  classification.  That  this  subtraction  was 
not  embodied  in  any  of  my  tables  was,  because  there  were  no  data 
from  which  to  obtain  it." 

The  method  of  classification  herein  proposed  makes  prominent  use 
of  that  part  of  the  volatile  matter  which  is  variously  designated  as 
inert  or  non-combustible,  or  as  "water  of  composition."  But  this 
factor  alone  would  be  misleading  unless  taken  in  conjunction  with 
some  of  the  ratios  expressive  of  the  relation  between  the  carbons  as 
indicated  by  their  behavior  under  process  of  destructive  distillation. 
It  is  proposed  by  Campbellf  to  base  a  classification  on  the  ratio  of 
the  total  carbon  divided  by  the  total  hydrogen.  The  argument  for 
the  use  of  the  total  hydrogen  in  such  a  ratio  seems  illogical  and  at 
variance  with  all  the  facts  attending  the  property  of  coals.  Espe- 
cially is  this  true  at  the  lignitic  end  of  the  series.  Certain  it  is  that 
the  hydrogen  there  has  a  different  meaning  from  what  it  has  at  the 
semi-bituminous  end.  To  include  the  hydrogen  of  the  moisture  is  to 
build  on  a  variable  that  would  make  it  impossible  for  any  one  else  to 
reproduce  the  classification  who  could  not  duplicate  the  exact  method 
of  sampling  and  transmission.  With  the  finely  drawn  distinctions 
in  the  resulting  ratios  a  sample  of  coal  might  fall  into  as  many  diff- 
erent classes  as  there  were  analysts  who  examined  it.  It  fails  also 
to  make  use  of  one  valuable  fact  developed  by  the  usual  method  of 
proximate  analysis,  and  that  is,  the  relation  of  the  volatile  hydro- 
carbons to  the  total  carbonaceous  material.  This,  it  would  seem, 
comprises  such  fundamental  properties,  both  with  reference  to  its 
chemical  structure  and  to  its  performance  in  actual  use,  that  no  sys- 
tem of  classification  could  have  much  value  that  ignores  it.  These 
objections  all  become  accentuated  when  samples  approach  the  lignitic 
type.  It  does  not  seem  possible  that  these  divisions  can  be  properly 
considered  without  taking  into  account  the  factor  for  combined  water, 
the  "  residual  cellulose  "  if  we  may  so  designate  it.  On  this  point 
again  we  quote  from  Frazer§: 


*  Bulletin  Amer.  Inst.  Ming.  Engrs.,  March,  1906. 

t  Report  of  Coal  Testing  Plant,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  St.  Louis;   Prof.  Pap  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, No.  48,  Pt.  1,  pp.  156-173. 

§  Bulletin  Amer.  Inst.  Ming.  Engrs.,  March,  1906,  p.  244-245. 


PARR.]  FULL    RATIOS.  51 

"  Tt  may  well  be  that  other  factors  than  carbon  and  hydrogen  will 
some  day  furnish  the  means  of  a  further  differentiation  of  lignites, 
brown  coals,  peats,  and  cannel  coals/'  This  seems  to  be  thoroughly 
borne  out  by  a  study  of  the  part  this  water  of  hydration  or  inert  vol- 
atile matter  plays  as  set  forth  in  the  preceding  tables. 

It  is  proposed,  therefore,  to  base  a  classification  on  the  divisions 
indicated  in  Fig.  8,  and  in  tables  VI.  and  VII.  Above  the  bitumi- 
nous type,  the  classes  are  distinguished  by  the  carbon  ratios  only,  ~ 
in  which  "vc"  is  the  volatile  carbon  unassociated  with  hydrogen,  and 
"  C  "  is  the  total  carbon  as  determined  by  analysis.  Within  the  bitu- 
minous type  when  the  ratio  reaches  approximately  30%,  the  differen- 
tiation into  black  and  brown  lignites  is  made  by  bringing  into  the 
consideration  the  percentage  constituents  on  the  pure  coal  or  "  ash 
and  water  free  "  basis  of  the  water  of  composition  or  inert  volatile 
matter. 

Briefly  outlined,  the  plan  proposes  to  retain  the  old  nomenclature 
but  to  base  the  divisions  upon  the  ratio  ^5--  As  an  illustration  of  the 
argument  for  this  ratio  it  may  be  noted  that  it  seems  to  surpass  other 
proposed  ratios  in  the  sharpness  of  distinctions  at  both  ends  of  the 
table.  For  example,  no  sample  is  met  with  in  either  the  St.  Louis 
report  or  the  results  of  Lord  and  Haas,  as  listed  in  table  VII.  where 
the  ratio  ^-  occurs  between  15$  and  20%,  thus  indicating  a  positive 
line  of  demarkation  between  these  classes.  The  semi-bituminous 
class  groups  very  closely  about  a  ratio  of  10  to  11%,  while  the  bitu- 
minous class  in  no  instance  drops  below  a  ratio  of  20%.  The  subdi- 
visions of  the  bituminous  type  are  made  primarily  with  reference  to 
the  carbon  ratios,  but  with  further  reference  to  the  percentage  in  the 
pure  coal  of  the  non-combustible  volatile  matter.  That  is,  subdivi- 
sions A  and  B  have  their  carbon  ratios  between  20  and  approximately 
30%;  but  A  represents  the  richer  coals  in  volatile  combustible  as 
shown  by  the  lower  percentages  of  inert  volatile  matter,  being  below 
10%,  while  B  includes  the  leaner  sort,  having  above  10%  of  inert  vol- 
atile. Similarly  subdivision  C  represents  the  coals  richer  in  volatile 
matter  and  are  located  with  reference  to  their  available  hydrogen  by 
the  subsidiary  curve  "b".  They  have  a  high  carbon  ratio,  from  32% 
to  44%   and  an  inert  ratio  of  below  10%.     The  subdivision  D  has 


52 


COMPOSITION   OF    ILLINOIS   COALS. 


[BULL.   3 


approximately  the  same  carbon  ratio  but  an  inert  ratio  of  from  10$ 
to  16%.  The  further  increase  in  this  latter  ratio  marks  a  type  of 
sufficient  distinctness  to  be  classified  separately  as  lignites.  Here 
again,  by  making  use  of  the  inert  volatile  percentage,  this  class  sub- 
divides rather  sharply  into  the  black  lignites,  having  from  16$  to 
20%  of  combined  water,  while  the  brown  lignites  have  above  20%  of 
that  constituent.  The  tabulation  of  the  coal  results  from  the  St. 
Louis  Testing- Plant  afford  further  illustration  of  this  scheme. 

The  coals  listed  under  the  final  subdivisions  are  arranged  with  ref- 
erence to  the  inert  volatile  matter,  but  that  factor  should  not  determine 
altogether  their  order  in  the  several  classes.  Here  probably  should 
come  in  the  notion  of  value  as  determined  by  some  factor  which 
would  involve  all  the  elements.  Probably  a  better  arrangement 
would  be  to  list,  therefore,  in  the  order  of  their  calorific  values  in  the 
final  class  subdivisions.  All  ratios  in  the  tables  are  given  in  per- 
centage form. 

PROPOSED    OUTLINE   FOE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    COALS. 


f  Anthracites  Proper 


f  Anthracitic  . ..    -{   Semi-Anthracite.. 

I 

^  Semi-Bituminous , 


Coals 


Bituminous  Proper 


^Bituminous...    -j   Black  Lignites 


„  Brown  Lignites 


i  vc 

<  Ratio  —  below  4*. 

\  C 

\  vc 

-,  Ratio  —  between  4*  and  &%. 

I  C 

[  vc 

-    Ratio  — from  10*  to  15*. 

/  C 

f  vc 

I  Ratio  —  from  20*  to  32*. 
'  A^  C 

I 
I  Inert  Volatile  from  5*  to  10*. 

f  vc 

I  Ratio  — from  2fr.  to  27*. 
B-i  C 

I 
L  Inert  Volatile  from  10*  to  16*. 

f  vc 

I  Ratio  —  from  32*  to  44*. 
C^i  C 

I 
(Inert  Volatile  from  5*  to  10*. 

f  vc 

Ratio  — from  27.  to  44*. 

I  D^  C 

Unert  Volatile  from  10*  to  16%, 

f  vc 

I   Ratio  —  from  27*  up. 
C 

I  Inert  Volatile  from  16*  to  20*. 

f  vc 

I  Ratio  —  from  27*  up. 
C 

I  Inert  Volatile  from  20*  to  3(X. 


PARR.] 


FUEL    RATIOS. 


53 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  COALS,  ST.  LOUIS   TESTING  PLANT,  FIRST  REPORT. 

TABLE  VIII. 

Anthracites. 

vc 
Ratio  —  below  4#. 
C 


Arkansas  No.  5. 
4.     Arkansas  No.  2. 


Semi- Anthracites . 


Ratio  —  between  i%  and  Sci 
C 


vc 

C 

4.66 
7.96 


Inert. 
Vol. 


Semi- Bituminous . 

vc 
Ratio  —  from  10£  to  15^. 

C 

Arkansas  No.  1 10.00 

West  Virginia  No.  11 10.55 

West  Virginia  No.  7 10.68 

West  Virginia  No.  5 : 11 .06 

Arkansas  No.  3 11.41 

West  Virginia  No.  10 11.63 

West  Virginia  No.  6 13.26 


Bituminous — Class  A. 


2(K  to  32<i.    Inert,  vol  5#  to  W. 


West  Virginia  No.  5. 

Kansas  No.  3 

West  Virginia  No.  8. 

Kansas  No.  2 

Kansas  No.  4 

West  Virginia  No.  4. 
West  Virginia  No.  3. 

Kansas  No.  1 

West  Virginia  No.  9. 

Kansas  No.  5 

West  Virginia  No.  1. 
Kentuckv  No.  4 


21.46 

6.33 

25.80 

7.51 

25.18 

7.78 

24.56 

7.88 

28.02 

7.97 

20.89 

8.03 

23.30 

8.22 

26.69 

8.27 

21.02 

8.46 

23.54 

8.75 

29.30 

9.53 

29.63 

9.73 

20. 

ao! 

9. 

2. 
24. 
12. 


Bituminous — Class  B. 

vc 

—  2%  to  27?;.    Inert,  vol.  l<fc  to  16$S. 

C 

Iowa  No.  1 24  74  10.08 

Alabama  No.  1 25.56  10.51 

Kentucky  No.  1 27 .  11  10.54 

Illinois  No.  3 22 .50  11 .75 

Alabama  N o.  2 25 . 27  12 . 77 

Iowa  No.  5 25.66  13.34 

IllinoisNo.6 21.50  14.83 


Bituminous — Class  C. 

vc 

—  32^  to  44<».    Inert,  vol.  5^  to  10^. 

C 

37.     Missouri  No.  4 38.61 

46.     West  Virginia  No.  2 32.16 

34.     MissouriNo.l 32.05 


7.41 
9.44 
9.53 


54 


COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS    COALS. 


Bull.  3. 


>>■> 

Bituminous— 

vc 

—  27,  to  44;.     Inert. 

C 

-Class 

vol.  10* 

D. 

to  16'/. 

vc 

C 

35  68 

Inert. 
Vol. 
11  23 

17 

Indian  Territory  No.  3. 
Indiana  No.  2 

29  86 

11  36 

14 

32  09 

11  44 

it;. 
3fl 

Indian  Territory  No.  2. 
Kentucky  No.  3 

30.3) 
29  64 

11.53 
11  76 

15 

Indian  Territory  No.  1 . 
Kentucky  No.  2 

28.34 

11  86 

31 

31  T)9 

Jl  91 

ft3 

Iowa  No.  4 

32  70 

11  93 

13 

Indiana  No.  1 

31  40 

12  00 

35 

30  63 

12  12 

"1 

30  85 

12  56 

7 

33  73 

12  77 

S 

Illinois  No.  2 

32  96 

12  95 

3fi 

13  05 

10 

Illinois  No.  4 

13.41 

1M 

29  28 

13  44 

18. 
11. 

Indian  Territory  No.  4 . 
Illinois  No.  5 

30.54 
29.90 

13.46 
14.15 

10. 


53. 

38. 


52. 


Black  Lignites. 

vc 

—  27$  up.    Inert,  vol.  16%  to  20%. 

C 

New  Mexico  No.  2 

New  Mexico  No.  1 

Wyoming  No.  2 , 

Montana  No.  1 

Colorado  No.  1 

Wyoming  No.  1 , 


33.29 

16.18 

27.10 

16.88 

32.36 

17.00 

28.77 

18.25 

29.60 

19.19 

32.27 

19.99 

Brown  Lignites. 

vc 

—  27%  up.    Inert,  vol.  10%  to  30%. 

C 

North  Dakota  No.  1 > 

Texas  No.  1 

North  Dakota  No.  2 

Texas  No.  2 


36.17 

21.09 

44.20 

22.39 

28.40 

23.79 

30.00 

23.90 

PARK  ] 


CARBON    DETERMINATIONS. 


DO 


METHODS  OF  ANALYSIS. 


TOTAL     CARBON, 


It  is  evident  from  what  has  preceded  that  a  ready  method  must  be 
available  for  the  determination  of  the  total  carbon  in  coal.  Without 
this  factor,  we  have  made  no  progress;  with  it,  we  have  at  hand  as 
full  information  as  would  come  from  an  ultimate  analysis.  However. 
if  this  factor  must  be  obtained  by  the  usual  combustion  method,  we 


Apparatus  for  Total   Carbon  Determination 
Figure  10. 

have  made  but  little  advance  by  the  mere  development  of  the  above 
ratio.  It  is  proposed  to  obtain  the  factor  for  the  total  carbon  by 
means  of  the  apparatus  shown  in  figure  10. 

Combustion  of  the  coal  is  effected  in  a  closed  bomb  as  in  the  cal- 
orimetric  process  described  further  on,   by  use  of  sodium  peroxide, 


ILLINOIS  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY, 


CALCULATED       FROM 


WEIGHT    OF 

IN   MILLIGRAMS    PER  CUBIC 
.0019641  =  \A/T     OF    CQ,  AJ  41°   LATITUDE, 


^mm 

72  o  \izz 

7  £4 

7*6 

Jit, 

730 

J3Z 

734 

736 

7-38 

740 

742 

74  4 

Lo3. 

nz5 

.6  83 51 

4839 

.68474 

4852 

.62596 

4866 

.687/7 

4880 

.68838 

.4893 

.68959 

.4907 

.69080 

4920 

6920O 

.4934 

69320 

.4918 

.  69433 

.4960 

■695 S 2 

4974 

.6967/ 

.4988 

.69790 

1/ 

4802 

.  60/4- J 

.48/6 
. 68266 

4829 

.68388 

.4843 

.68509 

4856 

.6863/ 

4870 

■68752 

4883 

.688  72 

4897 

.68993 

.49/1 

.69/13 

4924 

.69232 

4938 

■69352 

495/ 

.6947/ 

.4365 

.69590 

72 

4780  4-194 

.67947\. 68070 

.4803 

.68192. 

.482/ 

.683/4 

4834 

.68435 

.4848 

.68556 

4862 

.68677 

4875 

.68798 

4889 

.68918 

4902  4915 

.69038  1. 69/57 

4929 

.69276 

.4942 

.69395 

/3 

.4758  1.4772 

.677461.67869 

4185 

.67991 

4-799 

.681/3 

.48/2 

.68235 

4826 
.68356 

4839 

.68477 

.4853 

68598 

4866 

.687/8 

.4880 

.68838 

4892 

.6895/ 

4906 

.6907/ 

4919 
.69/90 

14- 

4-7J6 

.67539 

4-749 

.67662 

.4763 

.67784 

.4176 

.67906 

.4789 

.68028 

4803 

.  68150 

48/6 

.68271 

.4830 

.  68391 

.4843 

.685/2 

.4856 

. 68632 

4869 

.68746 

4883 

.68865 

.4896 

. 68984 

/5 

.47/3 

.6733?. 

4727 

67455 

'.4140 

.675-77 

.4753 

.67699 

.4767 

.6782/ 

.4780 

67943 

.4793 

.68064 

.48  07 

.  68/85 

4820 
.68316 

.4833 

68426 

4846 

.66 540 

4859 

.68659 

4879 

. 68 779 

76 

.4690 

.67119 

.4704 

.672.42 

4-7/7 

.67365 

.4730 

.67487 

.4743 

67609 

4757 

.6773/ 

.4770 

67853 

4-783 

.67974 

.479  7 
.68094 

48/0 

.682/5 

4823 

68335 

4837 

.68455 

4850 
.68574 

n 

.4-66  7 

.66107 

408/ 

67031 

4694 

.  67/54 

4707 

67276 

.4720 

.67396 

4734 

.67520 

4/47 

.67642 

4760 
.67763 

.4774 

.67784 

4  787 

.68005 

4  799 
.68119 

48/3 
.68239 

4826 

.68358 

/& 

.464-5 

66696 

4656 

668/9 

.467/ 

.66942 

4684 

.67065 

.4638 

.67/87 

47/1 

.  67309 

4  724 

67431 

47 J  7 

.67553 

.475/ 

.67674 

4164 

.67794 

4776 

.67909 

4789 

.68029 

4803 
68/49 

4779 

. 67934 

JO 

.4622 

€6473 

4635 

.66602 

4648 

.66726 

466/ 

. 66849 

4674 

.6697/ 

.468  7 

.67093 

.4701 
.67215 

4714 

67337 

.47  * '7 

.  67-458 

4740 

.67J79 

4753 
67694 

4766 

.678/4 

2o 

.459  7 

.66249 

46/0 

66373 

.4623 

66496 

.463  7 

.66620 

.465  0 

.66742 

.4663 

.66865 

.4676 

.66987 

4689 

.67109 

47  0Z 

67230 

.4775 
67 J  51 

.4728 

67472 

4742 
675-93 

4755 
.677/3 

2/ 

4573 

66O20 

.4586 

66144 

4599 

.66268 

.46/2 

.66392 

.4625 

.66515 

4638 

. 66637 

4-652 

.66760 

.4665 

.66882 

46  78 

670O3 

4691 

.67/25 

4704 
67246 

4717 

67366 

4730 
674-87 

22 

455  0 

65804 

4563 

65928 

.45  76 

.66  OS 2 

4589 

.  65176 

4602 

.66299 

.46/6 

. 66422 

46  28 

.66544 

4642 

.66667 

4655 

66789 

4668 
669 IO 

4680 

.67025 

4693 
67146 

47  06 
67267 

2<3 

45  2  6 

.65570 

45  39 

.  65694 

.45  52 
.658/8 

.456  5 

.65942 

4578 

.66066 

459/ 

.66/89 

4604 

.663/2 

46/7 

66434 

.4630 

66756 

464  3 

66678 

4655 

.66793 

4668 

669/5 

468/ 
67035 

24- 

4-501 

.65329 

.4514 

65454 

4521 

.65578 

454  0 

65702 

4553 

.65826 

.4566 

.65950 

45  79 

.66073 

459/ 

.66195 

4605 

663/8 

46/8 

66440 

4630 

66561 

4643 

66683 

465  a 

66804 

25 

4476 

.65089 

4489 

65214 

4502 
.65339 

.45/9 

.65463 

4928 

.65587 

4941 

.657// 

4553 

.65834 

4566 
.65957 

45  79 
66085 

4592 

6  6  202 

4605 

66324 

46/8 

66446 

46  3/ 
66567 

26 

445/ 

.64849 

4464 

64974 

.4477 

.65099 

4490 

.65224 

49  03 

.65348 

4516 

.65472 

4529 

.65596 

.454  1 

.657/9 

4554 

.65842 

456  7 

65965 

4579 

66O8I 

4592 

66203 

4-6.05 

66324 

ZJ 

4426 
.64603 

4439 

64729 

4452 

. 64854 

4465 

.64979 

44  78 

.65/04 

4490 

.65228 

45  03 

.65J52 

45/6 

.654-76 

4529 
65599 

4542 

65722 

4554 
65838 

4567 

65960 

45  73 
66082 

28 

4401 
.64351 

4414 

64477 

44  26 

.64603 

4439 

.64728 

445  3 

.64853 

.44  65 

64978 

4477 

.65/ O  2 

44  90 

.65226 

4503 

65349 

45  16 

65472 

4528 

65569 

4541 

657/1 

4553 

65633 

2,9 

4  3  74 

64094 

4387 

.64220 

4-400 

.64346 

4413 

.64472 

4426 

64597 

4438 

.64722 

445/ 
64846 

4464 

64970 

44  76 

65094- 

4489 

652/7 

430/ 

65334 

4514 

654-57 

452  7 

65580 

to 

4348 

.63829 

4361 

63956 

43  73 

64082 

4386 

.64208 

4399 

64334 

44 12 

.64459 

4  4  24 

64584 

443  7 

64708 

44^0 
64832 

4462 

64956 

4474 

65073 

4487 

65197 

4500 

65319 

WEIGHT  OF  CARBON   IN  VARIABLE 


Bull     No.  3.  PI.  5 


CARBON 

CENTIMETER    OF    CO. 


PRESSURES   CORRECTED  FOR    WATER    VAPOR    AND  TEMPERATURE. 

L°3 

7  ^  6 

74 8\  75o 

7  52 

754- 

756 

7  5d 

760 

7  62 

764 

766 

7$8 

77o 

.500/ 
. €9908 

50/5 
.70026 

.5028 
.70/44 

5042 
7026/ 

5055 
.70378 

5063 
70495 

.5083 
.70  61/ 

.5096 

7072  7 

.5/10 

. 70343 

.5123 
.70958 

.5/37 
.7/073 

.5/5/ 

.71/8  8 

5/€4 

.7/302 

t1 

49  78 

.69708 

49  92 

.69626 

5005 

. 69944 

50/9 

.7006/ 

.5032 

.70/78 

.5046 

70295 

.5059 

.7041/ 

.50  73 

.70528 

5087 

.  70643 

.5/00 
.70  759 

.51/4 
.70874 

5/27 

.  70989 

5/41 

.7/104- 

72 

4956 

.695/4 

4370 

.69632. 

4983 

.69 7 50 

4996 
. 69867 

50/0 
.69984 

5  0  24 
.  7010/ 

5036 

.  702/8 

505/    5064 

.70334  .70450 

50  77 

70566 

509  / 
.7068/ 

,5701 
.70  796 

.5/  /7 

.  7091/ 

73 

.+933 

.69  J  08 

4946  1.4960 
.69427}.  6  9  545 

■49  73 

.  69662 

.4907 
.69760 

500  0 
.69897 

.50/3 
.700/3 

.5027 
.70130 

50VO 
.70246 

.505?- 

:70362 

.5067 
70477 

508/ 

.  70S92 

5034 

.70707 

J+ 

4903  \.4923 

69/03  \.69Z2I 

4936 
.69339 

49  49 

.69457 

.4  963 

.  69575 

4976 

. 69692 

4990 

.69809 

.5003   50/J 
.69925^.70042 

.5030 

.70/57 

.5043 

.  70273 

.5057 

.70388 

5o70 

.70503 

/5 

4886  \4900 

.68897  .69016 

4915 
.69/34 

4926 

. 69252 

.494  0 

.69370 

.4953 

.694-87 

.4966 

.69604 

3979 
.697/5 

49$  2 

.6983/ 

.5006 
.69946 

50/9 
.70063 

.5032 
.70/79 

5046 
.70 294 

76 

48631.4877 

.68693  .6881 Z 

4890  \.4  903 
.689 30  .69048 

49/6\.493o\.49f3\.4956\.4969 

.69/66    .69284   6340/  j .  69512  j . 69628 

4982 

.69744 

.4996 

.6986  O 

5009 

.69976 

5Q2Z 
.7009/ 

n 

4839 

.68+78 

48 52   486 6  .4 379 

.68  536     .68  7/5     68  833 

4892  4905 
.6895/  \.G9069 

.49/9 
69/86 

4932\4945 

.69303',.  69420 

4959  49  7^\.4985\.4d98 

.  69536  .  69652  \.69768v  69684 

/& 

.48/6 
.68268 

4629.4842  .4855 

.68387     68506    .68 624 

.4869 

.68742 

.4882 

68860 

4895 
.68978 

.490  8\.4922\4935  434V   436/  .4-975 

.69095-\.692IZ    .69328   .69444.. 6  9  56  O  '.69676 

19 

4792 

.68053 

480  5 

.68173 

.48/3 

.68292 

4832 

684/0 

.4845 

.68528 

.4858 

.66646 

.48  71 

.68  764 

.4884 

.68876 

.4837 

68993 

49/0  4923  4 J3o 

.69/09   .69226  .69342 

4950 

.69453 

2.0 

.4768 

.67833 

4781 

. 67 ?S 2 

4794 
.6807/ 

.480  7 
.68/90 

.4820 

.683 09 

.483314847 

.68427\.68545 

.4833 

.68656 

4872  48  85 .489  9  49  /J2 

68773  .68890  .69007   .69/23 

4-925 

. 69239 

2/ 

4745 

.67607 

.4756 

.67726 

4769 

.67846 

.4782 

67965 

479  6 1.4809 

.68084-  .68202 

.4822 

.68320 

483  5 

.68438 

4848 

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4861  .48  74  ,4887 

.68672     68789\.68905 

4900 

6<3022. 

Z2 

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67387 

4  732  [47 4  5 

67S07\.67626 

.475'6 

.67745 

.477/4784 

.676 64-  \  67983 

.4797 

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4823 
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4836  .48491.4862 

.  68448 .  66565-  .  68  682 

4875 

.68798 

Z3 

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4  701 \4720 

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4733 
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4733 

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4798 

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4870  '.4ti?3.4{i36 

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40  50 

.  68570 

24- 

46  69 

66924 

46  H  2 .46  951.4706 

67045  .67/6?  .672.84 

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4734 

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25 

4644 
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465  7\4670 

.668091.66929 

4683 

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4695 

.  67/68 

4708 
.67288 

472/ 

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46/8 

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4656 

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4 '707 

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4733 

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4746 

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28 

4566 

.  6595S- 

4579 
66077 

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46/7 

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4643 
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470  6\4779 

.67266\.67384 

23 

454  0 

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4552 

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45  65 
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4578 
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4590 

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4603 

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462  8 
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4666 
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655-64 

4538 

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46/3 
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462  6 
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463Z\4664- 
.66760  [66876 

AMOUNTS  OF  CARBON  DI  OXIDE. 


56  COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS   COALS.  [bull.  3. 

Na202,  the  product  of  the  combustion  being  sodium  carbonate, 
Na  C03.  The  solution  of  this  material  is  placed  in  the  receptacle  A, 
while  acid  is  in  B.  and  C.  The  flask  C  contains  about  25cc.  of  sul- 
phuric acid,  and  a  carefully  measured  volume  of  air  taken  at  common 
pressure  and  temperature.  At  the  end,  after  admitting  all  the  car- 
bonate solution  and  measuring  the  volume  of  gas  evolved,  the  flask 
C  is  completely  filled  with  the  wash  water  from  A  and  the  total 
volume  measured  over  in  the  jacketed  pipette  PP.  By  subtracting  the 
initial  volume  in  the  flask  C,  the  exact  volume  of  carbon  dioxide 
from  the  sodium  carbonate  is  obtained.  The  pressure  and  temper- 
ature readings  are  taken  and  from  the  subjoined  table  the  exact 
weight  of  the  carbon  is  derived.  Great  care  has  been  exercised  in  the 
preparation  of  the  table.  The  computations  were  made  by  three 
individuals,  with  comparison  of  results  to  eliminate  all  possibility  of 
errors  in  the  final  readings.     Plate  5. 

FIXED    CAEBON. 

It  will  be  evident  from  what  has  preceded  that  more  than  usual 
importance  attaches  to  the  factor  for  fixed  carbon.  A  special'  study 
has  been  made  of  methods  for  obtaining  this  factor,  first  because  the 
method  recommended  by  the  committee  of  the  American  Chemical 
Society  on  coal  analysis*  is  not  altogether  satisfactory  for  western 
coals;  and,  second,  because  with  coals  high  in  sulphur  the  use  of 
platinum  for  this  determination  is  to  be  avoided  if  possible. 

The  report  of  the  committee  prescribes  heating  in  a  platinum  cruc- 
ible over  a  Bunsen  flame  20  cm.  high  when  burning  free.  Our  ob- 
jections to  the  prescribed  method  may  be  stated  as  follows: 

The  heat  capacity  of  a  Bunsen  burner  is  not  measured  alone  by  the 
height  of  the  flame.  For  example,  a  large  sized  adjustable  burner 
with  a  tube  of  10  mm.  caliber  will  give  more  heat  than  a  small  burner 
with  a  tube  of  9  mm.  caliber,  and  burning  at  the  regulation  height. 
The  results  also  are  more  variable  than  they  should  be.  This  is  more 
noticeable  in  western  than  in  eastern  coals,  but  in  any  case  it  is  to  be 
expected  that  the  platinum  crucible  arranged  as  prescribed  is  espec- 
ially sensitive  to  external  influences,  and  especially  to  differences  in 
the  heat  capacity  of  the  flame.  In  the  table  following,  an  average 
sample  of  coal  designated  Sandoval,  Illinois,  was  used.  It  cokes 
freely,  and  has  ash  11.94  per  cent  and  moisture  5.51  per  cent,  com- 
parison of  results  is  made  with  use  of  a  large  and  small  sized  Bunsen 
burner  as  above  described,  and  also  with  the  old  combination  of 
burner  and  blast,  and  with  use  of  a  porcelain  crucible  in  a  small  fur- 
nace of  special  construction  to  be  described  later. 

*Jour.  Araer.  Chem.  Soc.  XXL,  1122. 


METHODS   OF    ANALYSIS 


57 


TABLE  X. 


Determination  of  Volatile  Matter.  Sandoval,  III.,  Coal. 


Large  Bunsen  burner "1     I 

i 
Flame  20  cm .  high 

Plat,  crucible,  Time  7  min 

Small  Bunsen  burner 

Flame  20  cm.  high 

Plat,  crucible. Time  7  min 

Bunsen  flame  '6Yz  min 

Blast  flame  33^  min 

Plat,  crucible 

Bunsen  flame,  31*  min 

Blast  flame  31.,.  min 

Porcelain  crucible  in  special  furnace 


Highest 37.21  percent. 

Lowest 35.71 

Variation 1 .50 

Average  of  eight 36.52  per  cent. 

Highest 36.73  percent. 

Lowest 35  69 

Variation 1.04 

Average  of  eight 36.13  percent. 

Highest 37.78  percent. 

Lowest 36  53 

Variation 1.25 

Average  of  fourteen 37.13  per  cent. 

Highest 37.35  per  cent. 

Lowest 36.69 

Variation .66 

Average  of  nine 37.10  per  cent. 


From  this  table  it  appears  feasible  to  replace  the  expensive  plati- 
num crucible  with  one  of  porcelain.  The  serious  deterioration  of 
platinum  under  the  combined  effect  of  red-hot  carbon  and  sulphur 
makes  this  end  a  very  desirable  one,  even  if  there  were  no  advantage 
in  the  results.  On  this  latter  point  there  is  much  to  be  said  in  favor 
of  the  porcelain  crucible.  The  initial  heating  up  is  somewhat  more 
gradual.  A  bright  red  is  very  easily  reached  and  evenly  maintained 
and  especially  is  it  true  that  the  full  effect  of  the  heat  is  exerted  on 
all  sides,  completely  enveloping  the  crucible. 

The  form  of  apparatus  is  shown  in  the  accompanying  figure. 
(Fig.  11.) 

First,  as  to  the  lamp:  This  simple  form  of  blast  lamp  has  been  in 
use  in  this  laboratory  for  the  past  seven  years,  and  has  proved  itself 
of  such  general  utility  as  to  merit  a  brief  description. 


58 


COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS   COALS. 


[BULL.  3 


It  consists  essentially  of  a  Bunsen  burner  with  the  blast  entering 
at  the  usual  inlet  for  the  gas,  and  the  gas  entering  through  a  side 
tube  attached  where  the  air  is  ordinarily  admitted.  The  air  is  dis- 
charged through  a  tip  with  circular  opening  1^  mim.  in  diameter,  and 
is  so  adjusted  as  to  come  about  even  with  the  lower  side  of  the  gas 
inlet  tube.  A  wire  gauze  is  inserted  in  the  tube  about  two-thirds  of 
the  way  towards  the  top.  The  lamp  is  especially  adapted  for  use 
with  blast  of  constant  pressure.  By  adjustment  of  the  air  it  may  be 
made  to  burn  with  a  common  Bunsen  flame.     In  connection  with  the 


^B7 


Coking     Furmace 
Figure  11. 


furnace  it  is  allowed  to  burn  for  the  first  3^  minutes  as  a  strong 
Bunsen  flame  of  12  inches  when  burning  free.  During  the  second 
period  of  3|  minutes  it  burns  as  a  blast  lamp.  The  combustion,  how- 
ever, leaves  the  tip  of  the  lamp  and  takes  place  entirely  within  the 
chamber  underneath  the  crucible.  In  this  way  an  excessive  amount 
of  fuel  may  be  forced  into  a  small  space  by  the  jet  action  of  the  blast. 
The  combustion  taking  place  in  this  chamber  and  the  hot  gases 
being  turned  downward  to  escape  through  the  annular  space  at  the 
side,  a  very  intense  heat  is  quickly  attained. 


PARR. J 


METHODS    OF    ANALYSIS. 


59 


A  cross  section  is  shown  through  the  furnace  in  figure  12. 

The  base  B  rests  on  a  cast  plate  with  an  opening  1|  inches  in 
diameter.  The  crucible  rests  on  a  triangular  support  which  permits 
of  the  free  passage  of  the  gases,  part  of  which  may  escape  through 
a  small  opening  in  the  top  of  0,  but  mostly  they  are  required  to 
travel  downward  between  the  two  walls  and  escape  at  the  lower  edge 
of  R. 

A  common  glazed  crucible  of  Royal  Berlin  Porcelain  No.  00  is 
used.  Crucibles  as  true  as  possible  are  selected,  with  well  fitting 
covers,  and  these  are  ground  with  emery  powder  until  the  lid  touches 


Section  Thru  Furnace: 

Figure   12. 

at  all  points.  Crucibles  may  be  used  many  times,  but  if  warping 
occurs  the  covers  may  require  regrinding — not  a  difficult  matter  and 
easily  accomplished  by  hand  in  five  or  ten  minutes. 


SULPHUR. 

We  come  now  to  sulphur,  a  constituent  having  more  importance 
than  is  usually  ascribed  to  it;  this  is  especially  true  of  western  coals. 
in  which  this  element  varies  from  1  per  cent  to  5  per  cent.  One  of 
its  characteristics,  and  by  no  means  the  least,  is  the  part  it  plays  as 
a  disturbing  element  in  nearly  all  the  determinations  in  coal  analysis. 
The  Eschka  method  is  satisfactory,  but  heat  other  than  from  a  gas 
flame  must  be  used.     There  is  still  some  question  as  to  the  likelihood 


60  COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS    COALS.  [bull.  3 

of  sulphur  being  left  in  the  residue,  and  also  as  to  the  necessity  of 
dehydrating  the  silica.  The  use  of  sodium  peroxide  as  an  oxidizing 
agent  has  received  considerable  attention,  but  the  violence  of  the 
reaction  has  brought  disfavor  upon  the  method.  However,  by  means 
of  a  closed  bomb,  as  in  the  Parr  calorimeter,  there  has  been  fully 
demonstrated  the  practicability  of  using  sodium  peroxide  for  this 
purpose.  Indeed  some  years  ago,  Mr.  Milton  Hersey  of  Montreal. 
Canada,  in  a  communication  to  the  author  reported  the  very  satis- 
factory use  of  the  residues  from  the  calorimetric  process  for  gravi- 
metrically  determining  the  sulphur.  Later  articles  by  Sundstrom* 
and  by  von  Konekf  have  advocated  the  same  method. 

It  is  not  my  purpose  now  to  enter  into  a  discussion  of  this  phase 
of  the  matter,  but  simply  to  emphasize  the  fact  of  the  completeness 
of  the  oxidation,  which  has  been  verified  very  many  times  by  the 
writer. 

Coupling  the  sodium  peroxide  method  of  arriving  at  a  combustion 
with  the  photometric  method  proposed  by  Mr.  Hinds, J  there  seem  to 
be  possibilities  well  worth  investigating.  The  work  with  the  photo- 
meter, however,  either  as  outlined  by  Mr.  Hinds,  or  as  elaborated  by 
Mr.  Jackson, §  was  not  found  satisfactory.  A  careful  study  was  made 
of  the  variable  elements  that  entered  into  the  proposition.  The 
method  prescribed  a  candle  of  standard  power,  maintained  at  a  defi- 
nite distance  from  the  bottom  of  the  graduated  tube  in  which  was 
read  the  depth  of  liquid  through  which  the  outline  of  the  candle 
flame  could  be  seen.  It  was  soon  found  that  the  strength  of  the  light 
had  little  to  do  with  the  matter.  A  stronger  light  would  illuminate 
the  liquid  to  a  corresponding  degree  and  cause  the  outline  of  the 
candle  flame  to  disappear  at  about  the  same  depth  as  a  lesser  light 
with  a  less  illumination  of  the  liquid.  As  between  a  common  candle 
and  a  forty  candle  power  acetylene  light  there  was  no  marked  differ- 
ence. Indeed,  the  greatest  difference  was  noted  when  the  diffused 
light  was  cut  out  by  diaphragms,  in  which  case  the  light  could  be 
seen  through  a  greater  depth.  An  extreme  illustration  of  this  fact 
was  afforded  by  completely  blackening  an  incandescent  light  bulb 
and  then  cleaning  a  small  spot  to  show  a  short  length  of  the  glowing 
filament.  This  bit  of  filament,  which  afforded  no  illumination  to  the 
liquid,  could  be  seen  through  a  very  much  greater  depth  than  was 
the  case  with  an  ordinary  candle,  though  its  power  was  far  below  the 
standard.     Other  disturbing  conditions  related  to  the  method  of  pre- 

*  Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc,  XXV.,  184. 
t  Zeit.  fur.  Ang.  Chem.,  1903,  p.  517. 
t  Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc,  XXIII,  269. 
§  Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.  XXIII,  799. 


PARR.] 


MELLIODS    OF    ANALYSIS. 


<)1 


Fig.  13.    Photometer  for  sulphur  determinations. 


62  COMPOSITION   OF    ILLINOIS   COALS.  bull.  3. 

cipitation,  whether  hot  or  cold,  whether  the  barium  salt  was  added 
in  the  solid  or  the  liquid  state,  whether  readings  were  made  at  once, 
or  on  standing,  or  whether  precipitations  made  in  the  cold  were  sub- 
sequently heated  or  not.  The  control  of  the  conditions  regarding 
the  light  has  been  accomplished  with  a  greatly  modified  apparatus 
in  the  following  manner,  as  shown  in  Fig.  13. 

The  tube  graduated  in  millimeters  is  placed  in  a  receptacle  having 
a  little  clear  water  in  the  bottom.  The  flask  is  placed  on  a  square  of 
glass  resting  on  a  carbon  plate  about  §  of  an  inch  thick  and  having  a 
\  inch  hole  in  the  center.  The  plate  is  adjusted  about  8  inches  above 
the  flame  of  a  common  candle.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  reading 
tube  has  a  round  bottom.  This  is  carefully  blown,  of  clear  glass 
without  flaw,  and  ground  on  the  outer  surface;  the  whole  when 
immersed  playing  the  part  of  a  lens.  By  this  arrangement,  together 
with  the  diaphragm  effect  of  the  hole  in  the  carbon  plate,  a  pencil 
of  light  is  secured  with  the  minimum  amount  of  illumination  being 
imparted  to  the  liquid.  Moreover,  instead  of  the  varying  and  indefi- 
nite outline  of  a  candle  flame  there  appears  a  steady  compact  point 
of  light.  The  end  reading  is  thereby  rendered  sharp  and  definite. 
It  is  interesting  to  note  that  precipitations  made  with  the  barium 
salt  in  solution,  or  with  the  sulphate  solution  hot,  transmit  the  rays 
from  the  candle  as  white  light,  while  in  the  case  of  precipitations 
made  with  the  crystals  of  the  salt,  the  red  rays  only  are  transmitted, 
the  illumination  of  the  liquid  is  in  this  way  still  further  reduced,  and 
the  sharpness  of  the  end  reading  is  thereby  promoted.  To  secure 
concordant  results,  definiteness  of  precipitation  must  be  obtained. 
This  is  accomplished  by  adding  the  barium  salt  to  the  100  cc.  of 
solution  at  room  temperature,  and  after  dissolving  completely,  heat 
on  the  water  bath  to  about  70°.  Let  stand  for  half  an  hour  and 
bring  to  the  room  temperature,  when  it  is  ready  to  transfer  to  the 
photometric  tube  for  reading.  With  this  device  it  has  been  neces- 
sary to  work  out  a  new  table.  (Table  XL)  The  conditions  are 
purely  empirical,  but  not  arbitrary  within  reasonable  limits,  except 
as  to  the  size  of  the  hole  through  the  plate  and  the  method  of  pre- 
cipitation. The  table  has  been  developed  directly  from  a  standard 
solution  of  potassium  sulphate  having  0.5438  grains  dissolved  in  a 
litre,  thus  containing  0.0001  grams  of  sulphur  by  weight  per  cubic 
centimeter  of  solution. 

With  this  form  of  apparatus,  the  facility  with  which  the  sulphur 
determinations  may  be  made  has  enabled  us  to  undertake  an  ad- 
ditional factor  in  the  case  of  each  sample,  viz.,  the  estimation  of  the 


PARR.] 


METHODS    OF    ANALYSIS. 


63 


amount  of  sulphur  remaining  in  the  coke  after  the  volatile  matter  has 
been  driven  off.  The  coke  is  pulverized  and  burned  with  sodium 
peroxide  in  the  calorimeter  bomb  as  usual,  and  the  sulphur  deter- 


\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

* 

\ 

v 

S 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

^ 

s 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

s 

N 

50  60  70         80  qo  100         ||0  |20         no         K0         150        1 60         no         /go        iqo        ZOO 

niLLiriETERS— 

Plate  VI-CURVE   FOR  SULPHUR   READINGS 

mined  in  the  residue  by  means  of  the  photometer.  Having  deter- 
mined the  total  sulphur  in  the  coal,  the  difference  between  these  two 
factors  represents  the  volatile  sulphur.  In  the  analytical  tables  at 
the  end  these  divisions  are  observed  throughout. 


64  COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS   COALS.  [hill.  3. 

Results  from  use  of  this  method  as  above  outlined,  in  comparison 
with  those  obtained  under  standard  conditions,  are  shown  in 
Table  XL 

TABLE  XI. 

Showing  Percentages  of  Sulphur. 


llinois  Coal. 


Washings  from  lReA(j"5!Lff21I!1-Parr 
Mahler  Bomb.  Sw™?/  in 

/pprf.pnn  Photometer. 

(Percent.)  (Percent.) 


Odin,  pea 2.30  2.17 

St.  John's,  lump 1.55  1.65 

Pana,  slack 4.03  4.04 

Danville,  lump 2.16  2.31 

Ridgely,  pea 4.00  4.01 

Bloomington,  lump 2.57  2.68 

Spring  Valley,  washed 3.04  3.20 

Elmwood 1.53  1.61 


CALORIFIC    VALUES. 

1st.  By  calculation :  Many  attempts  have  been  made  to  develop 
a  reliable  formula  for  calculating  heat  values  from  analytical  datd. 
The  formula  of  Dulong  is  the  most  reliable  and  is  recommended  by 
the  committee  of  the  American  Chemical  Society  in  the  following 
form,  8080C  -  34460  (H  ---£-)  +  2250S*  The  variations  between 
the  observed  calorific  values  and  the  calculated  values  as  shown  i" 
Mahler's  tablesr  range  from  +  3  per  cent  to  —  3  per  cent,  though  t^ 
averages  of  numerous  results  are  much  closer. 

The  variations  in  the  work  of  Lord  and  Haas  above  referred  to  are 
not  so  great,  ranging  from  -  2  per  cent  to  —  1.8  per  cent.  KentJ 
has  used  the  factors  3  and  5  times  the  available  hydrogen  derived 
from  ultimate  analysis  to  indicate  (when  subtracted  from  the  total 
carbon)  the  amount  of  fixed  carbon,  and  to  the  various  percentages 
of  fixed  carbon  he  has  assigned  certain  calorific  values.  His  results 
while  interesting  seem  to  show  greater  conformity  in  the  case  of 
eastern  than  of  western  coals. 

Possibly  quite  as  good  as  any  method  of  calculation  would  be  the 
one  already  partially  suggested  in  the  discussion  concerning  the  de- 
rivation of  the  factor  for  available  hydrogen  by  means  of  the  curve. 
The  results  in  the  one  hundred  samples  listed  in  table  VI,  compare 
favorably  with  the  hydrogen  from  ultimate  analysis.  Indeed,  there 
are  some  reasons  for  giving  the  preference  to  the  proposed  method  of 
using  the  curve  for  obtaining  this  factor.  According  to  this  plan  the 
formula  would  be  modified  thus: 

Cal.  ==  8080  C  +  34500  (H  from  curve)  +  2250  8. 

*  Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.  XXI.,  1130. 

t  Contribution  a  l'Etude  des  combustibles.     Mahler,  1892. 

i  Trans.  Amer.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  XXVII. ,948. 


PARR.  I 


l  AI.oKIMETER    DETERMINATIONS. 


m 


Concerning  calculations  in  general,  however,  it  is  well  to  quote 
Mahler*  who  says:  "We  cannot  give  a  general  formula  depending 
strictly  on*  the  chemical  composition  which  will  give  the  calorific 
power  of  substances  so  complex  and  varied:"  or  Poole,  who  saysif 
•If  possible,  by  all  means,  have  a  calorimetric  test.  If  not  possible 
use  the  best  analysis  available.'* 


>.-h 


Figure  15-PARR  CALORIMETER. 

2nd.  By  observation:  The  calorimeter  devised  by  the  writer  has 
met  with  very  general  favor  and  is  now  widely  used  both  in  this 
country  and  abroad.  It  is  too  well  known  to  call  for  detailed  de- 
scription here.  However,  a  few  modifications  and  improvements 
have  been  made  and  since  it  has  been  used  in  the  accompanying  re- 
sults and  also  in  comparison  with  quite  a  list  of  determinations  with 
the  Mahler- Atwater  apparatus,  a  brief  reference  is  here  given. 

Figure  15  shows  the  relative  positions  of  parts.      The  can  A.  A.  for 

•  As  quoted  by  Poole,  The  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels,  p.  10.     t  Ibid. 

—5  G  S 


56  COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS    COALS.  [bull.  3. 

the  water  has  a  capacity  of  2  litres.  The  insulating  vessels  B.B.  and 
c.c.  are  of  indurated  fibre.  The  charge  of  coal  and  chemical  are  put 
in  the  cartridge  D.  Upon  ignition,  the  heat  generated  is  imparted  to 
the  water  and  the  rise  in  temperature  is  indicated  on  the  finely  grad- 
uated thermometer  T.  The  cartridge  or  bomb  rests  on  the  pivot  F 
and  is  made  to  revolve,  thus  by  aid  of  the  small  turbine  wings  at- 
tached effecting  a  complete  circulation  of  the  water  and  equalization 
of  temperature. 

The  reaction  accompanying  the  combustion  may  be  represented  by 
the  equation: 

56Na202    +     CyS1803    =    25   Na2C03     +     18   NaOH     +     22   Na20 

Sod.  perox.  Coal  Sod.  carb.  Sod  hydrate  Sod.  oxide 

With  certain  substances  such  as  coke,  anthracites,  petroleums,  etc, 
a  more  strongly  or  vigorously  oxidizing  medium  is  needed  than  exists 
in  the  peroxide,  alone.  This  may  be  secured  by  various  additions. 
The  most  effective  are: — a  mixture  of  potassium  chlorate  and  nitrate 
in  the  proportion  of  1  to  4  and  this  mixture  used  in  the  ratio  of  1  to 
10  of  the  sodium  peroxide ;  another  effective  mixture  is  an  addition  of 
potassium  persulphate  in  the  ratio  of  1  to  10  of  the  sodium  peroxide. 
Other  substances  facilitate  the  oxidation,  notably  ammonium  salts 
and  certain  organic  substances,  as  tartaric  or  oxalic  acid,  benzoic  acid, 
etc.  In  the  work  on  Illinois  coals,  while  ordinarily  no  extra  chemical 
would  be  necessary,  still  in  certain  cases  such  as  extra  slaty  coals  and 
coals  with  excessive  volatile  matter,  and  also  to  guard  against  varia- 
tions in  the  quality  of  the  sodium  peroxide,  a  mixture  as  first  de- 
scribed above,  of  chlorate  and  nitrate,  has  uniformly  been  used 
throughout  these  tests. 

One  peculiarity  in  the  behavior  of  the  combustion  has  been  im- 
proved by  the  above  mixtures.  This  behavior  is  probably  due  to  the 
fact  that  there  is  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  particles  of  coal  in 
immediate  contact  with  the  metal,  which  is  kept  cold  by  exterior  con- 
tact with  the  water,  to  escape  action  of  the  chemical.  A  further  im- 
provement in  this  particular  is  effected  by  a  modification  of  the  bomb 
as  illustrated  in  the  accompanying  figure  (Figure  16).  The  air  space 
about  the  lower  part  of  the  bomb  prevents  direct  contact  with  the 
water.  However,  upon  ignition  this  enclosed  air  expands  and  part  of 
it  is  driven  out  through  the  holes  below.  Later  as  cooling  and  con- 
traction occur  the  water  is  drawn  into  the  air  space  and  rapid  cooling 
is  effected,  but  the  period  of  high  temperature  for  the  interior  reaction 
has  been  prolonged  from  a  few  seconds  to  a  half  minute  or  more. 


Parr. 


CA  I  ,< )  B I  M  ETER     DET I ■:  R  M  I  N  ATIONS. 


67 


Other  advantages  are  secured,  notably  the  avoidance  of  screw  threads 
on  the  interior  or  other  opportunity  for  material  to  lodge  and  cause 
sticking  or  difficult  removal  of  the  ends. 


Calorimeter  Bomb 
Figure  16. 

TABLE  XII. 
Comparison  of  Calorific  Factors. 


No. 

Illinois  Coal. 

Mahler— 
Atwater  Bomb 
Calorimeter. 

Parr- 

Per- oxide 
Calorimeter. 

Calculation— 
8080  C    •  84500 
'•H"       2250  S. 

A 

Hloomingrton,  lump 

6566 

7174 
6797 
7050 
6152 

6227 
5888 
5922 
6917 
6150 

R5S0 
71 85 

6762 

6990 

6185 

6257 

5381 

5964   . 

69 1 1 

6663 

R 

Carterville,  washed. .    . 

706] 

C 

Danville,  lump 

674' 

l) 
K 

1- 
(i 

Klmwood,  lump 

Moweaqua,  lump 

Odin,  pea 

Hana.  slack 

7023 
6I«0 

626i ; 
5561 

H 

Kidgreley.  pea 

61()ii 

I 

St.  John.  lump.   . 

674 1 

J 

Spring  Valley ,  washed 

6l'39 

In  Table  12  are  given  results  with  this  apparatus    in  comparison 
with   the   readings   obtained  by  use  of   a    Mahler- Atwater  apparatus. 


68 


COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS    COALS. 


[BULL.  3. 


In  the  third  column  as  already  indicated  under  "Calorimetric  Values 
by  Calculation"  are  given  results  obtained  by  use  of  the  formula 
8080  C  +  34500  (H)  +  2250  S  in  which  "H"  is  the  percentage  of 
available  hydrogen  as  indicated  by  the  curve  in  Fig.  8.  The  values 
are  given  in  calories  per  kilo.  (Cal.  per  kilo  X  ].8  =  B.T.U.  per 
pound). 

The  ultimate  analyses  which  have  served  as  the  basis  for  some  of 

the  preceding  calculations  are  embodied  in   Table  VIII.     There  is 

also  included  the  proximate   analyses  and  a  comparison  of   values 

btained  by  the  old  and  new  methods.     Results  are  given  throughout 

in  per  cent. 


TABLE  XIII. 


Proximate  Analysis. 

Ultimate  Analysis. 

n 

n 

?! 

> 

2 

< 

*Tj 

H 

H     X 

g 

0 

CO 

o_ 

o. 

S" 

<  o 

2.3" 

o  o 

2  5? 

*i 

C 

ffiS 

Si 

No. 

Illinois  Coal. 

c 

K 

o 

lit 

3~ 

3 

3q 

o 
n 

3 

1  Z       erg: 

s 

matter... 

P3 

o 
a 

:  o 

•     3 

:   cr 

:   cr 
•   << 

a 

a 

oft  1 

c 

8 

< 

A. 

Bloomington,  lump.. 
Carterville.  w"d,  No.  2 

11.55 

3.75 

40.15 

44.55 

64.90 

65.48 

1 
4.91  1.09 

10.75 

2.47    69.07 

69.10 

B 

5.43 

4.87 

34.69 

55.01 

69.90 

70.74 

5.18 

1  04 

11.88 

0.86    74.44 

74.59 

C 

Danville,  lump 

3.63 

7.51 

40.37 

48.49 

66.69 

67.34 

5.70 

0.76 

13.06 

2.00J  71.41 

70.98 

D 

Elmwood,3rd  vein.  . 

6.59 

2.91 

41.24 

49.26 

69.81 

70.49 

5.98 

0.66 

11.89 

1.48i  74.94 

74.25 

E 

Moweaqua,  lump 

9.84 

7.36 

36.38 

46.42 

61.25 

61.43 

4.84 

1.14 

12.34 

3.03J  64  48 

64.79 

F 

Odin,  pea 

12.99 

4.36 

35  45 

47.20 

61.92 

62.38 

5.14 

1.14 

11  78 

2.21!  66.05 

65.79 

G 

Pana,  slack 

16,76 

7.61 

35.86 

39.77 

54.80 

55.10 

4.66 

0.91 

11.22 

3.74i  58.36 

58.09 

H 

Ridgeley,  pea 

St.  John,  lump 

13.22 

4.72 

39.59 

42.47 

59.89 

60.01 

5.25 

1.28 

11.70 

3.82    63.80 

63.27 

I 

4.28 

6  33 

37.47 

50.92 

67.19 

67.34 

5.60 

1.24 

13.75 

1.461  71.22 

71.02 

J 

Spring  Valley,  wash'd 

11.99 

5.54 

39.33 

43.14 

61.46 

61.91 

5.32 

1.17 

11.19 

2.88    65.83 

65.28 

The  samples  for  Tables  XIV  and  XV  were  collected  between  Feb. 
8th  and  June  8th,  1904.  These  were  obtained  at  the  mines  from  the 
surface  of  car  lots  as  made  ready  for  shipment  to  the  consumer. 
Amounts  varying  from  40  to  50  pounds  were  taken  and  shipped  in 
sacks  to  the  laboratory.  In  general  one  sample  of  lump  or  screened 
nut  and  one  of  screenings  or  slack  was  procured  from  each  mine. 
The  term  "slack"'  has  been  uniformly  applied  where  the  material 
included  all  that  passed  through  a  1^  inch  screen. 

Immediately  upon  receipt  of  the  material  it  was  reduced  by  quar- 
tering in  the  usual  manner.  A  check  sample,  buckwheat  size,  was 
taken,  another  part  was  ground  to  pass  through  a  100  mesh  sieve  and 
each  was  sealed  in  a  "lightning"  fruit  jar.  The  analytical  results  are 
given  in  per  cent.  The  calorific  values  are  given  in  British  thermal 
units  per  pound  of  actual  coal  as  represented  by  the  samples  and  also 
in  calories  per  kilo  of  actual  coal. 


PARR.]  TABLES    OF    ANALYSES.  09 

In  Table  XIV  the  results  are  given  first  with  reference  to  the  air 
dry  condition,  it  being  impossible,  owing  to  the  method  of  transmis- 
sion, to  determine  the  factor  for  water  lost  on  air-drying,  and  thus 
calculate  to  the  wet  coal  condition.  On  the  right-hand  page,  the 
results  are  calculated  first  to  the  dry  (oven  dry)  condition:  and 
second,  to  the  pure  coal  (ash  and  Avater  free)  state. 

Table  XV  has  been  arranged  from  Table  XIV,  giving  the  results 
as  logically  resulting  from  our  discussion  as  to  the  desirability  of 
expressing  the  volatile  matter  under  two  headings,  viz.:  the  Inert 
Volatile  Matter  and  the  Volatile  Combustible,  this  latter  term  having 
its  true  meaning  and  not  including  anything  but  material  actually 
capable  of  burning. 


70 


COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS   COALS. 


[BULL.  3 


TABLE 


Source  of  Sample. 


County. 


Bureau.. . 
Bureau . . . 
Christian 
Christian 
Christian 
Christian 
Christian 
Clinton  . . 
Clinton  . . 
Clinton  . . 
Clinton  . . 
Clinton  . . 
Fulton  ... 
Fulton  . . . 
Fulton  . . . 
Fulton  . . . 


17iFulton 


Town. 


Operator. 


Ladd 

.  .do 

Assumption 

.  .do 

Pana  . . 

.  .do 

.  .do 

Breese 

..do 

Buxton 


Illinois  Third  Vein  C.  Co.. 

..do 

Assumption  C.  &  M.  Co. .. 

.  .do 

Penwell  Coal  Co 

Pana  Coal  Co 

..do 

Breese  Coal  &  M.  Co 

..do 

Buxton  Coal  &  M.  Co 

Trenton  |  Trenton  Coal  Co 

.  .do I .  .do : 

Astoria Scripp's  Coal  Co 

.  .do I .  .do 

Canton Canton-Union  Coal  Co  — 

.  .do | .  .do 

Cuba East  Cuba  Coal  Co 

.  .do .do 

..do Applegate  &  Lewis 

.  .do .  .do 

Farmington  . . ..  Farmington  Coal  Co 

.  .do .  .do 

N  orris N orris  Coal  Mining  Co.... 

.  .do j .  .do 

Braceville !  Braceville  Coal  Co 

.  .do  .  .do 

S.  Wilmington  .Chicago,  W.  &  V.  C  Co  .. 

.do I .  .do 

Kewanee jKewanee  Coal  &  M.  Co. .. 

.  .do .do 

Murphysboro  . .  Schmidgall  Coal  Co 

.  .do do 

Etherly Etherly  Coal  Co 

.  .do •  -do 

Kanglev Star  Coal  Co 

do -do 


Descrip- 
tion. 


Air  Dry 


Fulton  .. . 
Fulton  . . . 
Fulton  ... 
Fulton  ... 
Fulton  . . . 
Fulton  ... 
Fulton  ... 
Grundy  . . 
Grundy  .. 
Grundy  .. 
(irundy  . . 
Henry  .. . 
Henry  ... 
Jackson. , 
Jackson. . 

Knox 

Knox 

LaSalle  . 

LaSalle 

LaSalle  '.'.'.'.'.'..  LaSalle  .... . ....  LaSalle  Co.  Carbon  C.  Co 


LaSalle 
LaSalle 
LaSalle 
LaSalle 
LaSalle 
LaSalle 
LaSalle 
LaSalle 
Livingston 


do ; .  .do 

do .  .do 

Oglesby Oglesby  Coal  Co 

.  .do |  •  do 

Streator Chicago,  W.  &  V.  C.  Co 

.  .do ; .  do 

..do Acme  Coal  Co 

.  .do do 

Cardiff Cardiff  Coal  Co 

Livingston  ....  .do do 

Livingston  ...  I  Fairbury Walton  Bros 

Livingston    ..I.  .do |..do 

Logan (Lincoln [Citizens'  Coal  Co 

Logan I .  .do .do 

Logan Mt.  Pulaski Home  Coal  Co 

McLean  Bloomington.  ..McLean  Countv  Coal  Co. 

McLean .  .do do 

McLean  .  .do i .  .do 

McLean  .  .do .  .do 

Macon Decatur Decatur  Coal  Co 

Macon Niantic ..do 

59  M  aeon .  .do .do 

60Macoupin  ...    Green  "Ridge  .  ..Green  Ridge  Coal  Co 

61  Macoupin  ...    ..do.... do •••••.• 

62jMacoupin  ....  Mt.  Olive Consol.  C.  C.  of  St.  Louis 

63  Macoupin  ....'..do |.-do . ... ........... 

G4  Macoupin  ....  Virden Chicago-Virden  Coal  Co. 

65i Macoupin ..do -do .. 

66  Madison Collinsville Consol.  C.  C.  of  St.  Louis 

67lMadison I.  .do L.do.... 


W.  nut 
W.slk. 
Nut  ... 
Slack . . 
Lump. 
Slack.. 
Lump. 
Slack . . 
Nut  ... 
Lump. 
Nut  ... 
Slack  . . 
Lump. 
Slack . . 
Lump. 
Nut  ... 
Slack.. 
Lump. 
.  do  . . . . 
Slack.. 
Lump. 
Slack.. 
Lump. 
Slack . . 
.  .do . . . . 
Lump. 
Slack . . 
Lump. 
Nut  ... 
Slack . . 
Lump, 
.do.... 
.  .do . . . . 
Slack.. 
Lump. 
Slack . . 
Lump. 
Slack .. 
Pea.... 
Egg... 
Slack.. 
..do.... 
Lump. 
Slack .'. 
Lump. 
.  .do  . . . . 


Slack . 
.  .do  . . . 


Lump 
.  .do . . . 
Nut 
Lump 
Slack . 
Lump 
Slack . 
Lump 
.  .do  . . . 
Nut  .. 
Slack . 
Lump 
Slack. 
Lump 
Slack . 
Nut.. 
Slack  . 
Nut... 
Pea .. . 


7.04   8.< 


8  46 
7. 74' 
9.00 
8.06 
7.80 
8.10 
8.83 
7.95 
8.76 
9.47 
7.94 
9.34 

11.10 

10.00 
7.70 
9.2-2 
7.55 
7.28 

10.2:. 
9.62 

11.78 
9.44 
9.70 

11.86 
7.80 

11.44 

10.16 
9.99 


38.30  45.67 
38.6146.75 
38.30  48.16 

36.26  43.28 
41.4-2  41.28 
35.84  37.44 
43.72  39.74 
34.00  43.66 
35.24146.96 


6.21 
12.74 
10.16 

7.68 

5.81 

7.54 

7.87 

7.56 
10.28 

8.28 

8.47 

7.96 

6.88 

5.52 
11.28 
10.26 

5.30 

6.57 
10.64 
10.44 
11.98 

6.77 

7.56 

5.64116 

6.98:  5 

8.46 
10.38 
11.01 
10.24 

8.38 

9.30 

9.62 
10.27 
10.21 

8.26 

7.74 


54 


46.21 
43.05 
45.27 
4^.67 
36.24 
38.56 
41.40 
43.34 
41.38 
43.26 
40.71 


36  69 
28.00 
29.98 
36.75 
34.46 
35.98 
38.72 
39.19 
38.26 
41  01 
36.33 
35.75  41.79 
33.04  37.16 
33.20  40.84 
33.68  37.18 
26.88  32.24 
37.32  46.80 
28.84j34.01 
37.09  46  11 
37. 33145.87 
37.99  44  99 


34.62 

34.29 
36.66 
31.19 
38.94 
33  05 
10145.30 
20(38.91 
41.78 
42.03 
35.92 
36.03 
39.84 
38  74 
42.10 


36.54 
33  76 
39.07 


56.03 
54.78 
42.74 
33  65 
44.88 
38.54 
42.06 
39.02 
42.58 
43.60 
38.26 
4K.52 
45.85 
44.81 
46.98 
44.52 
41.18 
39.44 
43.67 
78  37.58 
88  42.10 


33.64 
34.05 
40.06 
38.06 
44.06 
38.56 
36.47 
34.51 
39  96 
32.98 
42.39 
34.21 
38.25 
37.60 


42.28 
35.63 
40.60 
39.84 
43.84 
44.97 
44.01 
39.32 
44.50 
37.50 
43.78 
41.62 
43.40 
42.32 


38.3442.34 
35.9ll38.37 


PARR] 


TABLES    OF    ANALYSES. 


XIV 


Coal 

Oven; 

Dry  Coal. 

Pure  Coal. 

z 

- 

c 

6 
or 

c 

Heat  units. 

< 
ST 
a* 

3 

p. 

o 

c 

n 

o 

E. 
r 
— 
c 

Heat  units. 

< 

-       £■     Heat  units. 

x- 

r. 
O 

03 

3* 

O 

5 

Calo 

Briti 

in; 

Briti 

in; 

lphur 

\V(\   c 

O 
o 

£Lcc 

pa 

^-cc            -( 

00 

3 

03 

— 
O 
B 

ies . 

h  th 

uni 

pa 

h  th 
uni 

rboi 

5 

CO          , 

rt> 

~n 

a 

m             jn 

"T              1 

:         : 

83.97 

2.10  11,385 

6325 

9.67 

41.20 

49.13 

90.33 

2.26 

12, 333 

6963  45.60 

54.40  2.60  13,577 

7532      1 

85.36 

2.70  11,774 

6541 

8.61 

41.34 

50.05 

91.39  2.89 

12, 605 

7003  45.24  54.76  3.16  13,793 

7663      2 

86.46 

1.58  12.577 

6986 

5.55 

41.84 

52.61 

94.45  1.73 

13,739 

7632  44.30  55.70  1.83  14,542 

8079      3 

79.54 

2.60  11,644 

6469 

13.80 

39.30 

46.90 

86.202.82 

12,621 

7012  45.59  54.41  3.27  14  641 

8134      4 

82.70 

3  20  11,666 

6481' 

9.12 

45.51 

45.37 

90.88  3.52 

12,818 

7121  50.08  49.92  3.87  14,104 

7836     5 

73.28 

3.45  10,035 

5575 

20.30 

38.98 

40.72 

79.70  3.75 

10,913 

6063  48.91  51.09  4.70  13,694 

7608     6 

83.46 

2.96  11,896 

6609, 

9.48 

47.41 

43.11 

90.52  3.21 

12,902 

7168  52.38  47.62  3.54  14,254 

7919      7 

77.66 

3.40  11,194 

6219 

15.49 

37. CO 

47.51 

84.51  3.70 

12,181 

6767  13.78  56.22  4.38  14,416 

8009     8 

82.20 

3.17  11,516 

6398 

9,84 

38.65 

51.51 

90.16  3.47 

12,631 

7018  42.88  57.12  3  86  14,011 

7784      9 

82.90 

3.24  11,761 

6534, 

9.94 

39.86 

50.20 

90.06  3.52 

12, 776 

7083  44.26  55.74  3.91  14,185 

7881    10 

71.05 

1.32  10,096 

5594 

22.13 

30.69 

47.18 

77.87  1.45 

11,038 

6132  39.41  60.59  1.85  14,173 

7874     11 

75.2.-. 

1.12  10,294 

5718^ 

16.87 

33.12 

50.01 

83.13  1.24 

11. 370 

6317  39.84 

t0.16  1.48  13,663 

7591    12 

83.42 

2.18  11.925 

6625 

9.39 

39.92 

50.69 

90.612.37 

12, 943 

7196  44.05 

55.05  2.61  14.294 

7941    13 

70.70 

3.50  10,231 

5684 

22  02 

38.01 

39.97 

77.98 

3.86 

11,285 

6270  48.74 

51.26  4.95  14,470 

8039    14 

74.54 

3.67  10,861 

6034 

16' 15 

40.47 

43.38 

83.85 

4.13 

12,217 

6787  48.27 

51.73  4.92  14,572 

8096    15 

80.12 

2.67  11,543 

6413 

10.98 

43.02 

46.00 

89.02 

2.97 

12,825 

7125  48.33 

51.67  3.41  14,405 

8003    16 

82.53 

3.10  12,031 

6684| 

10.59 

42.46 

46.95 

89.41 

3.35 

13,034 

7241  47.48 

52.52  3.75  14,576 

8098    17 

79-64 

1.50  11.458 

6366 

12.27 

42.14 

45.59 

87.73 

1.65 

12,621 

70)2  48.04 

51.96  1,88  14,387 

7993    18 

84.27 

2.22  12,189 

6772 

10.78 

43.42 

45.80 

89  22 

2.35 

12.905 

7160  48.66 

51.34  2.64  14.466 

8037    19 

77.04 

3.35  11,115 

6175 

16.91 

39.18 

43.91 

83.09 

3  61 

11,988 

6644  47.15 

52.85  4.35  14,427 

8015    20 

77.54 

1  97  11,216 

6231 

13.59 

39.88 

46.53 

86.41 

2.19 

12,137 

6942  46.10 

53.90  2.54  14,463 

8035    21 

70.20 

3.02  10,153 

5641 

22  33 

36.46 

41.21 

77.67 

3.34 

11,233 

6241  47.06 

52.94  4.30  14,464 

8036    22 

74.04 

1  93  10,381 

5856 

16^07 

37.64 

46.29 

83.93 

2.19 

11,950 

6639  44.84 

55.16  2.60  14,238 

7910    23 

70.86 

1.98  10.305 

5725 

21.75 

37.19 

41.06 

78.25 

2.18 

11.378 

6321  47.52 

52.48  2.79  14,540 

8078    24 

59.12 

3.55    8,645 

4803 

34.53 

29.76 

35.71 

65.47 

3.93 

9,574 

5399  45.46 

54.54  6.00  14,623 

8124    25 

84.12 

2.18  12,161 

6756 

4.56 

42.34 

53.10 

95.44 

2.47 

13,  797 

7665  44.37 

55.63  5.56  14,455 

8031    26 

62.85 

3.98    9.079 

5044 

31.84 

31.27 

36.89 

68.16 

4.31 

9.  842 

5469  45.88 

54.12  6.33  14.443 

8024    27 

83.20 

2.1011,983 

6663 

6.06 

41.88 

52.06 

93.94 

2.37 

13,541 

7523  44.58 

55.42  2.51  14,412 

8007    28 

83.20 

2.50  11,284 

6269 

7.39 

41.55 

51.06 

92.61 

2.78 

12,359 

6977  44.86 

55.14  3.00  13.561 

7534    29 

82.98 

2.57  11.272 

6262 

7.81 

42.20 

49.99 

92.19 

2.85 

12,526 

6959  45.79 

54.21  3.09  13.584 

7547    30 

90.65 

62  13,285 

7380 

4.62 

36.43 

58.95 

95.38 

.65 

13,977 

7765  38.20 

61.80    .68  14.653 

8141    31 

89.07 

.62  13,083 

7216 

5.03 

36.56 

58.41 

94.97     .66 

13.827 

7693  38.50 

61.50    .69  14,580 

8100    32 

79.40 

1.56  11,183 

6213 

9.00 

42.00 

49.00 

91.00 

1.78 

12,815 

7121  46.17 

53.83  1.96  14,085 

7825    33 

64.84 

2.48    9,180 

5100 

27.82 

34.73 

37.45 

72.18 

2.68 

10,218 

5667  48.10 

51.90  3.82  14,157 

7865    34 

83.82 

3.24  12,240 

6800 

9.20 

42.18 

48  62 

90.80 

3.51 

13,262 

7368  48.69 

51.31  1.36  12,535 

6964    35 

71.59 

4.96  10,490 

5828 

23.99 

35.09 

40.92 

76.01 

5  27 

11,142 

6190  46.16 

53.84  6.92  14,653 

8141    36 

87.36 

3.04  12.460 

6922 

5.51 

49.00 

45.49 

94.49 

3.28 

13,477 

7487  51.84 

48.16  3.48  14,261 

7923    37 

77.93 

3.35  10,890 

6050 

15.42 

42.23 

42.35 

84.58 

3.64 

11,808 

6560  49.92 

50.08  4.50  13,973 

7763    38 

84.36 

3.92  12,060 

6700 

8.73 

45.20 

46.07 

91.27 

4  22 

13, 050 

7250  49.52 

50.48  4.64  14,293 

7941    39 

85.63 

2.62  11,830 

6572, 

4.55 

46.85 

48.60 

95.45 

2.V2 

13.183 

7324  49. ON 

50.92  3.06  13,811 

7673    40 

74.18 

4.66  10,321 

5734 

19.12 

39.16 

41.72 

80.88 

5.08 

11.254 

6252  48.43 

51.57  6.28  13,914 

7730    41 

79.55 

4.30  11.417 

6343 

13.09 

39.37 

47.54 

86.91 

4.69  12,472 

6929  45.29 

54.71  5.40  14,349 

7978    42 

85.69 

3.38  12.515 

6953 

6.89 

43.29 

49.82 

93.11 

3  67 

13,597 

7554  46.49 

53.51  3.94  14,603 

8113    43 

83.55 

3.66  12,195 

6775 

10.27 

41.62 

48.11 

89.72 

3.93 

13.096 

7276  46.36 

53.64  4.38  14,598 

8110    44 

89.08 

3.07  13,061 

7256 

5.71 

44.56 

49.73 

94.29 

3  25 

13, 822 

7679  47.26 

52.74  3.44  14,661 

8145    45 

83.88 

2.41  11,801 

6556 

5.45 

44.38 

50.17 

94.55 

2.72 

13,301 

7389  46.92 

53.08  2.87  14,070 

7817    46 

77.72 

2.96  10,816 

6009 

13.39 

40.72 

45.89 

86.61 

3.29 

12.052 

6696  47.01 

52.99  3.80  13,917 

7732    47 

73.20 

4.36  10,294 

5718 

22.69 

35.67 

41.64 

77.31 

4.61 

10,870 

6034  46.12  53  88  5.95  14,059 

7811    48 

82.74 

2.20  12,145 

6747 

11.44 

41.82 

46.74 

88.56 

2.35 

12,999 

7223  47. 22152. 7812. 65  14.677 

8151    49 

74.36 

3.17  10,867 

6038 

16  78 

41.16 

42.06 

83  22 

3.55 

12.160 

6756  49.46 

50.54  4.26  14,614 

8119    50 

BO  98 

2.44  10,969 

6094 

9.57 

43.41 

47.02 

90.43 

•>  -•> 

12,247 

6804  48.01 

41.99  3  01  13,546 

7526    51 

75.92 

2  73  10, 834 

6019 

13.74 

38  22 

48.04 

86.26 

3J0 

12.306 

6037  44  31 

55.69  3.59  14,207 

7928    52 

69.68 

4.14  10,147 

5637 

25.26 

36.52 

38  22 

71  71 

4.44 

10.884 

6046  48.86 

51.14  5.94  14,560 

8089    53 

80.66 

3.14  11,721 

6512 

12  75 

43  33 

43.92 

87.25 

3.40 

12,680 

7046  49.67 

50.33  3.89  14,533 

8074    54 

77.90 

3.10  11,388 

6327 

17.44 

40.34 

42  22 

82.56 

3.29 

12,069 

6705  48.85 

51.15  3.98  14.617 

8121    55 

87.90 

2  18  12,791 

7106 

5.50 

47.37 

47  13 

94.50 

2.67  13.751 

7639  50.14 

49.86  2.82  14,553 

8085    56 

83.53 

2.13  11.227 

6238 

8.75 

42.12 

49.13 

91   25 

2.32  12.264 

6912  46.16 

53.84  2.55  13.442 

7468    57 

80.48 

3.27  10.805 

6003 

10.19 

40.70 

49.11 

89.81 

3  65  12,055 

6697  45.32 

54.68  4.06  13,426 

7459    58 

78.83 

3.35   9.'. a". 

5525 

17.04 

38.78 

44.1* 

82.96 

3.76  11.174 

6208  46.74 

53.26  4.53  13,469 

7483    59 

84.46 

1.98  12,190 

6772 

5.90 

41  52 

19.58 

94.10 

2.21 

13,  583 

7546  47.31 

52.69  2.34  14.434 

8019    60 

70.48 

3  00  10, 069 

5594 

23.07 

36.00 

40.93 

76  93 

3.27 

10,991 

6106  46.80 

53.20  1.25  14,286 

7937    61 

86.17 

3.80  U.MU 

6-.84 

4.99 

46.74 

18.27 

95.01 

4.19 

13,064 

7258  49  19  50.81  4.41  13,752 

7640    62 

75.83 

3.86  10,334 

5741 

16.10 

37.85 

46.05 

83  90 

4.27 

1 1 . 434 

6352  45.11  54.89  5.08    3,626 

7570    63 

81.65 

1.5011,509 

6394 

9.01 

42.63 

48.36 

90.99 

1.67 

12,825 

7125  46.85  53.15  1.83  14,095 

7831    64 

79.92 

2.80  10,940 

6078 

11.00 

41.87 

47.13 

89.00 

3.12  12,181 

6799  47  01  52.96  3  50  13,689 

7605    6' 

80.68 

3.09  11,715 

6525 

12.06 

41.79 

16  15 

87.94 

3.36  12.802 

7112  47.52  52  48  3.83  14.556 

8087    66 

74.58 

4.08 110,555 

5875 

1'.'   17 

38  92 

41.911 

80.83 

4.42 

11,440 

6368  48  15 

51.85  5.47  14,178 

7877    67 

72 


COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS    COALS. 


[BULL.  3 


Table  XIV 


Source  of  Sample. 


Countv 


Town. 


Operator. 


Descrip- 
tion. 


68j  Madison  . 
69|  Madison  . 

70  Madison  . 

71  Madison  . 

72  Marion  ... 

73  Marion  ... 

74  Marion  .. 

75  Marion  ... 

76  Marion  ... 

77  Marshall Wenona 

78  Marshall ..do 

79  Menard... 

80  Menard... 

81  Menard... 

82  Menard... 

83  Menard... 
84i  Menard... 


Donkville  ... 

.  .do 

Edwardsville 

.do  

Centralia 

.  .do 

Odin 

..do 

Sandoval 


Athens 

..do 

Greenview  . 

..do 

M  iddletown 
..do 


851  Mercer Cable. 

86  Mercer.. .. 


.do. 


Donk  Bros.  Coal  &  C.  Co..  \V.  nut 

.  .do VV.  pea 

Henrietta  Coal  Co Nut  ... 

.  .do Slack  . . 

Pittenger&DavisM.&M.C.  ..do.... 

..do Nut  ... 

Odin  Coal  Co do ... . 

.  .do Slack  . . 

Sandoval  Coal  &  M.Co..      Lump. 

Wenona  Coal  Co  ..do 

..do Slack.. 

Wabash  Coal  Co ILump. 

..do |Slack .. 

Greenview  C.  &  M.Co Lump. 

..do Slack.. 

M iddletown  Coal  Co Lump. 

..do Slack.. 

Coal  Valley  Mining  Co Lump. 

..do Slack.. 

57  Mercer Sherrard do Lump. 

Mercer .  .do do Slack  . . 

Montgomery  'Litchfield Litchfield  M.  &  Power  Co.;.. do.... 

Montgomery  .  ..do [..do Lump. 

Peoria I  Holies Third  Vein  Coal  Co ..do.... 

Peoria '..do ..do Nut.. .. 

Perry IDuQuoin [Lake  Superior  Coal  Mines.  ..do 

Perry .  .do I .  .do .  .do 

Perry  |  Pinckney  ville  . . White  Walnut  Coal  Co ... . 

Perry do ' .  .do 


1)7 
118 
99 
100 
101 
102 
L03 
104 
103 


Randolph  i Sparta 

Randolph  do 

Randolph  ....jTilden 

Randolph ..do 

St.  Clair French  Village. 

St.  Clair ..do 

St.  Clair Marissa 

St.  Clair I.. do 


Saline 

106|Saline 

107jSaline 

108  Saline 

109  Saline. 

110  Saline 

llllSaline 

112  Saline 

113!Saline 

114|Saneamon  .. 

115  Sangamon  .. 

116  Sangamon  . 

117  Sangamon  . 

118  Sangamon  . 

119  Sangamon  .. 
120(Sangamon  ., 


ha  n  gam  on 
Sangamon 
Sangamon 
Sangramon 
Sangamon 
Shelby.... 
Shelby.... 

128  Vermilion 

129  Vermilion 

130  Vermilion 
131 1  Vermilion 
132|  Vermilion 

133  Vermilion 

134  Vermilion 


Eldorado..  . 

..do 

(..do 

!..do 

Harrisburg 

.  .do 

..do 

..do  

..do 

Auburn 

.do 

.  .do 

.  .do 

Cantrall.... 

.  .do 

Dawson. .. . 

..do 

Riverton . . . 
Springfield 

.  .do 

..do 


Boyd  Coal  &  Coke  Co 

..do 

Crystal  Coal  Co 

..do 

St.  Louis  &  O'Fallon  C.Co. 

..do 

D.  Zihlsdorf 

..do 

Eldorado  Coal  <&  Coke  Co. 

..do 

..do 

..do 

Harrisburg  M.  &  C.  Co.... 

.  .do 

..do 

Diamond  Coal  Co.... 

..do 

Auburn  &  Alton  Coal  Co.. 

..do 

Chicago- Virden  Coal  Co.. 

..do 

Cantrall  Co-op.  Coal  Co.  .. 

..do  

Wabash  Coal  Co 

..do 

Springfield  C.  M.  Co 

IChicago-Springfield  C.  Co. 

(Jones  &  Adams  Co 

..do 


Moweaqua  Moweaqua  C,  M.  &  M.  Co 

.  .do do , 

Catlin Jones  &  Adams  Co 

.  .do .  .do 

Danville E.  S.  Gray    

.  .do Economy  Coal  Min.  Co. . 

.  .do : .  .do 

.  .do j  H oskins  Brothers 

Fairmount iConsol.  C.  Co.  of  St.  Louis 


Lump. 
Slack . . 
Lump. 

Nut... 
Slack . . 
Lump. 
.  .do . . . . 
Slack  . . 
Lump. 
Slack.. 
Lump. 
Slack.. 
.  .do . . . . 
.  .do  . . . . 
Lump. 
..do..  . 
Slack.. 
Lump. 
!  Slack.. ! 
Lump. 
Slack.. 
Nut.... 
Slack.. 
Nut.... 
Slack..! 
Nut.... 
Slack.. 
..do.... 
Lump. 
..do.... 
I  Slack.. 
|  Nut... 
'Slack.. 
Lu  m  p .  i 
Slack.J 
.do 


An<  Dry 


7, 

4.87  8 
7.76  14, 
..  8.54  15 
6!  6.75  18, 
6!  5.43  12 
6  8.52  9 
6'  6.92  15, 
6  5.51  11 
2  10.94  2 
2  10.31  13 
5  9.32  9. 
5  10.10  16 
5  9.46i  8, 
5|  9.58  14 
510. 04  9. 
5  10.37J19 


9.02.10 
9.02111 
9.601  8 
7.84  18 
7.94d3 
9.22J  5 
7.86'  7 
8.04,  7 
8.44i  6 
7.2410 
7.541  7 
7  26  22 
7.44!  8 
7.09i  8 
7.17(13 
8.68!  7 
08  j  8 
8.1216 
7.781  7 
7.1513 
5 .  68  j  8 
4.36  23 
5.04  10 
4.00  20 
4  20  5 
3  76  7 
3. 70! 15 
f.    4.101  6 

5  4.72  14 

6  10.461  7 
6  9.38116 
6  10.42  6 
6  10.10114 
5  If)  02  8 
5  9.64  12 
5  12.56  9 
5  11.4416 


6    8. 


Lump.  I 
Slack.. 
I  Lump. 

'Slack..' 


3.38116 
4.74J11 
11.32  12 
:»  11.56  12 
5  8.0710 
5  9.19,10 
7  10.36  5 
7l  9.90  5 
7  3.44,13 
71  8.38!  5 
7  8.00119 
fil  9.30  7 
V  7.5918 


40  39 

77  40 

40  36 

76  36 

36  34 

41  38 
82  37 

95  36 
94  36 
32  36 

14  33 
04  39 
62  34 
11 ,37 
26  36 
90  36 

20  33 
86  39 

78  37 
82  39 
39  36 
84!  36 

96  38 
6842 
8041 
52  35 
04  38 
30  39 
2^31 
64137 
93  36 

15  34 
73  37 
38  41 

21  35 
34  40 

77  37 
90  33 
58  29 
88  34 
88,30 
50  37 
01,36 
80 1 33 
76  37 
28  32 
H7  38 

37  34 
46  39 
12  35 

22  38 

64  36 

93  34 

94  29 
4H  36 
34  36 
96(37 

16  34 

78  37 
16  36 
71  38 
02  40 
36  35 

65  45 
47;  34 
06  41 


_.,44.66 
.83  45.53 

93  40.91 
37  39.33 
13  40.76 
17  43.99 

11  44.55 
1640.97 

81  45.74 
59  50.15 

49  43.06 
32(42.32 
82^8. 46 
62  44.81 
28  39.88 
89  43.17 

12  37.31 
34  40.78 

77  41.43 
36  42.22 

.72(37.05 
.34  41.88 
.74  46.08 
66  41.80 
,13  43.03 
97  49.07 
72  44.00 
20(45.96 
.36  39.16 
.6446.28 
.7547.23 
.70(44.98 
.0646.53 
.3042.24 
,44!40.23 

78  44.10 
87  41.21 
32  52.10 
36  42.70 
3649.72 

,78(44.34 
.12(53.18 
1153.12 
.14  47.36 

17  51.97 
72148.28 
96  42.91 

50  39 . 75 
,52  43.60 

78  40.00 
31  43.45 

94  40.78 
10  43.41 

18  42.44 
96;43.20 
64  47.28 
0838.64 
54,41.74 
14144.01 

82  43.83 
1845.75 
75  44.33 
06  18.11 
96  43.01 
83(37.70 
84(41.80 
47 '37. 25 


<  ontinued. 


TABLES   OF    ANALYSES. 


7:; 


- 

Oven  Dry  Coal. 

Pure  Coal. 

A 

J. 

£ 

G 

- 

Heat  units. 

> 

2 

3   ; 

h3 

c 

c 

Hhat 

units.!    <       X 

1    (-,        -■ 

Heat  units. 

D 

C 

s 

n 

DC 

3£ 

'o' 

EL 
o 

a- 

ST 

o 

n 
0 

Cd 

&5  g- 

xed  ci 

•latile 

Calo 

sr 
c 

3  s: 

p  g- 

O 

0 

S 

73 

■ 

3 

o 

D 

:      !  : 

2.5 

matter, 
ries 

«7 

3.0012.004 

6669 

8.05 

43.36 

48.59 

I 
91. 95j3. 26  13,006 

III 
7255  47.16  52.84  3.55114,202 

7890    68 

86  36 

2.96  12,364 

6869 

9.22 

42.92 

47.86: 

90.78  3.1112.997 

7220  47.27:52.73  3.42  14,315 

7953 1  69 

77.84 

4  74  11,002 

6112 

15.61 

40.04 

44.35 

84.39  5.13  11,927 

6626  47.44152.56  6.08,14,130 

7850    70 

77)  70 

4.00  10,879 

6044 

17.23 

39.77 

43.00 

82.77[4.37!11,894 

6608  48.05  51.95:5.2844,373 

7985    71 

74.89 

4.3610,836 

6019 

19.69 

36.60 

43.7ll 

80. 3ll4. 67111, 620 

6946.45.57154.43  5.82  14.466 

8037    72 

82  16 

3.6041,658 

6477 

13.12 

40.36 

46.52 

86.88,3.81112,327 

684946. 46153. 54  4.38  14,189 

7883    73 

M  .66 

3.00  11,138 

6188 

10.74 

40.57 

48.69: 

89.263.27112,175 

6764  45.43:54.57  3.67113,638 

7577    74 

77.13 

3.80  10,766 

5981 

17.13 

38.86 

44.01' 

82.874.08  11,565 

6425  46.88  53.12  4.92  13,955 

7753    75 

82.55 

2.6012,020 

6678 

12.63 

38.96 

48.411 

87.37j2.75  12,722 

7069  44.59  55. 41i3.14'l4,5ii0 

8089 l  76 

86.74 

79  12,139 

6744 

2.61 

41.08 

56.31 

97.39i   .8913,633 

7574  42.18  57.821    .9143.995 

7775    77 

76  55 

2.67(10,969 

6094 

14.64 

37.35 

48.01 

85. 3612. 98(12,231 

6795  43.75  56. 2513.48  14,331 

7962    78 

81.64 

4  44  11.503 

6391 

9.97 

43.36 

46.67 

90.034.9042,685 

7048  48.16  51.84  5.44  14,088 

7827,   79 

73.28 

4  20  10,288 

5716 

18.49 

38.73 

42.78 

81.51  4.57  11,444 

6358  47.52  52.485.73114,040 

7800    80 

82.43 

2.41  11,550 

6528 

8.95 

41.56 

49.49 

91.052.66!l2,756 

7210  45.64  54.36j2.92  14,255 

7919    81 

76.16 

3.04  10,727 

5959 

15.77 

40.12 

44.11 

84.23  3.36  11,846 

6581  47.63  52.37  3.99  14,081 

7823    82 

80.06 

2.4311,290 

6272 

11.00 

41.01 

47.99! 

89.00  2.7012. 349 

697246.08  53.92  3.03  14,103 

7835    83 

70.43 

3.13    9,799 

5444 

21.43 

36.94 

41.63! 

78.57  3.49  10,933 

607447.02  52.98  4.44  13,914 

7730    84 

80.12 

3.93  11,453 

6363 

11.94 

43.24 

44.82 

88. 06!4. 32  12,588 

6993  49.10  50  90  4.90  14, 293 

7941    85 

79.20 

4.00  11,380 

6322 

12.95 

41.51 

45.54! 

87.05)4.46  12,508 

6949  47.68  52.325  0544,365 

7981!  86 

81.58 

3.02  11,875 

6547 

9.75 

43.54 

46.71 

90.25j3.34ll3.036 

724248.25  51.75  3.70  14,' 446 

8026    87 

73  77 

4.78  10.141 

5634 

19.96 

39.84 

40.20 

80.04  5.19  11,005 

611449.79  50.21  6.48  13,748 

7638    88 

78.22 

3.10  11,143 

6191 

15.03 

39.47 

45.50, 

84.97  3.37  12,119 

6733  46.35  53.65  3.96  14,245 

7914    89 

84.82 

1  77  12,100 

6722 

6.56 

42.68 

50.76 

93.44  1. 95! 13, 327 

740445.6.  54.33  2.0914,265 

7925    90 

84.46 

2.41  11,-880 

6600 

8.33 

46.31 

45.36 

91.67  2.6042,895 

7164  50.51  49.49  2.85  14,065 

7814    91 

84  16 

3.13  11,914 

6619 

8.47 

44.73 

46.80 

91.53  3. 401 12, 955 

7197  48.87  51.13  3.72  14,153 

7863 ;  92. 

85.04 

1.82  11,953 

6640 

7.12 

39.29 

53.59 

92. 88H.  99113, 054 

7252  42.29  57.71  2.14  14,052 

7807    93 

82.72 

3  04  11,790 

6550 

10.82 

41.74 

47.44 

89.18  3. 27! 12,  710 

7061  46.81  53.19  3.67  14,250 

7917    94 

85.16 

1.88  12,082 

6713 

7.89 

42.40 

49.71 

92  11  2. 03113,070 

7261 46. 03 '53. 97  2.20  14,189 

7883    95 

70.52 

3.10  10,001 

5556 

23.96 

33.82 

42.22 

76.04!3.34|10,784 

599144.46  55.54  4.39  14,178 

7877,  96 

83.92 

2.4011,790 

6550 

9.34 

40.66 

50.00 

90  66J2. 59  12,735 

7075144.85  55.15  2.86  14,049 

7805    97 

83.98 

3  45  11,840 

6578 

9.61 

39.55 

'  50.84 

90.39  3.71  12,744 

7080143.77  56.234.10  14,097 

7832'  98 

79.68 

3.13  11.430 

6350 

14.16 

37.38 

48.46 

85.84l3.37|12,119 

6733  43.55  56.45  3.93  14,344 

7969    99 

83.59 

3.07  11.525 

6403 

8.46 

40.59 

50.95 

91.54 

3.3612.619 

701144.34  55. 56  4. 62  13,786 

7659  100 

83.54 

3.35  11,549 

6416 

9.12 

44.93 

45.95 

90.88 

3. 64! 12, 565 

6981  49.44  50.564.01  13.827 

7682  101 

75.67 

4.00  10,514 

5841 

17.64 

38.56 

43.80 

82.36 

4.35111,445 

6358  46.83  53.17  5  2843,892 

7718  102 

84.88 

3  2311,684 

6491 

7.96 

44.22 

47.82! 

92.04 

3.50  12.670 

7039,48.04  51.96  3. 80!l3,764 

7647  103 

79.08 

3.93  10.919 

6066 

14.82 

40.79 

44.39 

85. 1814.23  11,763 

6535  47.89  52.11:4.97113,807 

7671  104 

85.42 

1.1812,668 

7038 

9.44 

35.32 

55.24 

90.56  1. 25  i  13, 430 
75. 37!  2. 09  10,875 

7461  39  02  60.98 4.3844,830 

8239  105 

72.06 

2.0010,400 

5778 

24.63 

30.72 

44.65 

6041  40.75  59.25  2.77114,432 

8018406- 

84.08 

4.00  12,179 

6766 

11.46 

36.18 

52.36 

88.54  4.21  12,821 

7125  40.87  59.134.75  14,486 

8048  107 

75.12 

3.70  10.924 

6069 

21.75 

32.07 

46.18 

78.25  3.85  11,379 

6323  40.97  59.03  4.92  14,542 

8079  108 

90.30 

1.64  13,303 

7391 

5.74 

38.75 

55 .  51 

94.264.7143,889 

7716  41.12  58.88  1.81  14,734 

8186  109 

89.23 

1.81  13,151 

7306 

7.28 

37.52 

55.20 

92.721.8813,666 

7592  40.47  59.53  2.03  14.734 

8186  110 

80.50 

2.40  10,586 

5881 

16.41 

34.41 

49.18 

83.59  2.49  10,991 

610641.17  58.83  2.9813,150 

7306  111 

89.14 

1.55  12,949 

7194 

7.05 

58.76 

54.19 

92. 95!  1.62|13, 502 

750141  70  58.30  1.74  14,526 

8070  112 

81.00 

2.70  11.351 

6306 

15.00 

34.34 

50.66 

85.00  2.83  11,911 

6617  40.40  59.60  3.3344,014 

7786  113 

81.87 

2.60  11,660 

6478 
584i 

8.57 

43.51 

47.92 

91.43  2.90  13,022 

7246  47.58  52.42  3  17  14,241 

7912  114 

3.50  10,514 

18.06 

38.07 

43.87 

81.94  3.86  11,602 

6446  44.38  55.624.7144,160 

7867  115 

12 

2.7311.438 

6350 

7.21 

44.11 

48.68 

92.79  3.05  12,759 

7089  47.54  52.46  3.28  13,750 

7639  116 

75.78 

3.02  10,636 

5909 

15.72 

39.79 

44.49 

84.283.36  11,831 

6573  47.21  52.79  3.99  14.038 

7799  117 

81.76 

1.51  11,536 

6409 

9.13 

42.58 

48.29 

90.87  1.71  12,821 

7123  46.86  53.14  1.88  14.108 

7838  118 

77.72 

3.45  10,929 

6072 

13.99 

40.88 

45.13 

86.01  3.82  12,095 

672047.52  52.484  43  14,061 

7812  119 

77.51 

2.14  11,104 

6169 

11.35 

39.00 

49.65 

88.65  2.44  12,698 

7055 ,  43 .  99  56 .01  2 . 76  14, 326 

7959  120 

71.62 

3.13  10.024 

5569 

19.13 

32.95 

47.92 

80.873.53  11,318 

628840.74  59.25  4  .37  13,995 

7775  121 

4.10  11,119 

6344 

17.04 

38.25 

44.71 

82.96  4.24  11,819 

6566  46.11  53.89  5.11114,245 

7914  122 

2.90  11.975 

6653 

11.91 

38.46 

49.63! 

88.09  3.04  12,371 

6984  43.66  56.34  3.45  14,272 

7929  123 

75.72 

3.9010.670 

5928 

14.62 

41.81 

43.57 

85. 38i  4. 39  12,033 

6685  48.96  51.04  5.15  14, 092 

7829  124 

76.28 

4.08  10,805 

6003 

13.75 

39.05 

47.20 

86.25  4.61  12,216 

6787  45.28  54.72  5.34  14,162 

7868  125 

81   15 

3.3011,176 

6209 

11.72 

40.40 

47.88 

88.28  3.59  12,157 

6754  45.77  54.23  4.06  13,773 

7652  126 

80.65 

3.27  11,261 

6256 

11  19 

40.54 

48.271 

88.81  3  60  12.307 

6837  45 . 65  54 . 35  4 . 05  13  959 

7755  127 

83.93 

1  47  11,836 

6631 

6.37 

12.. V.i 

51.04 

93.63  1.64  13,204 

7399  45.48  54.52  1.75  11,218 

7899  128 

85  08 

2.00  10,350 

5750 

5.57 

15  23 

49.20 

94.43  2.23  11,487 

6382  47.90  52.10  2.35  12,162 

6757  129 

83.20 

3  38  11,909 

6612 

13.83 

36.31 

49.86 

86.17  3.5012,333 

7883  42.14  57.86  4.06  14,304 

7947  130 

2.88  12.589 

6994 

6.17 

46.89 

46.91 

93.83  3.14  13,740 

7633  51.65  48.35  3.23  14,149 

7861  131 

72.53 

3.40  10,603 

5891 

,  21.16 

37.86 

40.98i 

78.84  3.69  11,525 

6403 48.02  51.98  4. 68  11,617 

8121  132 

83  '14 

2.40  11.. -jx:, 

6325 

7.78 

46.13 

46.09 

92.22  2.61  12.552 

6971  50.02  49.98  2.87  13.609 

7561  133 

73.72 

3  67 

110,289 

57K 

1  20  22 

39.47 

1  40  31 1 

79.78 

3  97 

11,133 

618549.48  50.52 

4.9743,955 

7753'13l 

74 


COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS    COALS. 


[BULL.  3 


Table  XIV 


Source  of  Sample. 


Descrip- 
tion. 


Air  Dry 


County. 


Town. 


Operator. 


135  Vermilion  .. 

136i  Vermilion  .. 

1371  Vermilion  .. 

138!  Vermilion  . . 

139 Will  

140  Will  

41  Williamson 
Williamson 
Williamson 
Williamson 
Williamson 
Williamson 

147  VVilliamson 

148  Williamson 
149!  Williamson 
loOiWilliamson 


142 

143 
144 
145 
146 


Grape  Creek. 

.  .do 

S.  Westville  . 

.  .do 

Braidwood . . . 

..do 

Bush 

..do 

Carterville.. . 
do 


JHerrin 
do 
do 
do . 


Bunting  Bros 

Kelleyville  Coal  Co 

Westville  Coal  Co 

..do 

Murphy,  Keenan  &  Co.. .. 

.  .do 

Western  Coal  &  Min.  Co.. 

..do 

Carterv.  &  Big  M'dy  C.  Co. 
do. 


Lauder 

Carterville 


New  Kentucky  Coal  Co. .. 
Chicago  &  Carterv.  C.  Co. 

.  .do 

..do 

Carterv.  &  Big  M'dy  C.  Co. 
New  Ohio  Coal  Co 


Lump.} 
.  .do ....  | 
..do.... 

Slack..! 
Lump. 
Slack . .  | 
Lump. 
Slack.. 
.  .do  . . . . 
Lump. 
VV.slk. 
VV.nut. 
W.slk.i 
Lump. 
Slack  . . 
W.nut.i 


.85  5 
57  5 
20  5 
06  7 
44  4 
52  16 
90  9 
92  12 
04  7 
32  6 
00  10 
87  6 
4  11 

uo  r, 

35  17 

28  8 


90  35 
14  34 
82  35 
30  35 


24 

6:  33 
10  32 
62  31 
36  33 
4  7  30 
46  32 
80  40 
52  32 


49  46.76 

XI  48.48 
86  47.12 
34  46.30 
28  48.02 
:>7  40.53 
00  49.14 
64  47.20 
18  53.16 
58  54  99 
76  52.62 
53  54.24 
96  52.41 
32  56  22 
81  35  04 
00  56.20 


PARR. J 


TABLES    OF    ANALYSIS 


75 


ConclvuiVd. 


Coal 

Oven 

Dry  Coal. 

Pure  Coal. 

1 

*c 

09 

Heat  units. 

> 

<        *) 

►D 

in    Heat  units. 

< 

3 

a> 

Heat  units. 

c 

o 

c 

e 

o 

a 

™ 

n 

o 

65 

■5* 

C 

CO 

3? 

""CO 

c  cr 

co  Jt 

O 
p. 
g 

CO 

T 

| 

a 
p 

o 
o 

British  the 
mal  unit; 

Iphur 

O 
EL 

>-! 

S' 

CO 

3 

M 
ft 

x 
ft 

a 
o 
&: 

C 

o 

3 

■5* 

C 

to 
3£ 
£.5' 

o 

El 
o 

5' 

CO 

."   7 

r*    i 

: 

i  •   1* 

CO   »t 

: 

82.25 

2.43 

11,565 

6425 

6.70 

I 

40.24    53.06 

93.30 

I 
2.76|l3,118 

7288 

43.15 

56.85 

2.96H4.059 

7811  135 

83  29 

.75 

11,660 

6478 

5.81 

39.37    54.82 

94.19 

.85113,183 

7324  41.80 

58.20!   .90|14,000 

777S  13* 

82.98 

.83 

11,824 

6569 

6.55 

40.38    53.07 

93.45 

.93  13,312 

7396  43.22 

56.78  1.00  14,248 

7916:137 

81.64 

.84 

11,632 

6463 

8.20 

39.74    52.06 

91.80 

.94  13,080 

7267  43.28  56.72  1.02  14.247 

7915  138 

84.30 

1.95 

11,300 

6278 

4.81 

40.97    54.22 

25.19 

2.20  12.760 

708943. 04  56.96  2.32,13,406 

7448139 

73.10 

2.34 

9,675 

5375 

18.31 

36.40    45.29 

81.69 

2.6210,812 

6007  44.56  55  44  3.20:13,233 

7352  140 

84.14 

1.97 

12,072 

6736 

10.59 

37.19    52.22 

89.41 

2.09  12,829 

7187  41. 5958.41J2. 34il4, 410 

8006  141 

82.84 

1.15 

11,863 

6591 

12.87 

37.49    49.64 

87.13 

1  21  12,477 

6932  43. 02.^6.9811. 38(14,320 

7956 | 142 

86.34 

1.03 

12,611 

7006 

8.11 

35.31!  56.58 

91.89 

1.10  13,421 

7456i38. 4361. 57,1. 19  14,603 

8113  143 

87.57 

1.00 

12,706 

7059 

6.52 

34.78    58.70 

93.48 

1. 06113, 563 

7535  37.21  62.79  1 .14  14,522 

8068  144 

84.38 

2.22 

12,325 

6847 

11.18 

33.43    55.39 

88.82 

2.36.12,974 

7208  37.64  62.36  2.63  14,607 

8115  145 

87.77 

.83 

12,706 

7059 

6.75 

35.62|  57.63 

93.25 

.88  13,498 

7499  38.21,61.79;   .95  14,477 

8043  146 

83.37 

1.85 

12,145 

6747 

11.82 

32.75!  55.43 

88.18 

196  12,845 

7136  37.14  62.86  2.22  14.567 

8093  147 

88.54 

.82 

12,775 

7097 

5.81 

34.38!  59.81 

94.19 

.87|13,582 

7549  36.53  63.47     .93  14,427 

80151148 

75.85 

1.14 

10,508 

5838 

19.01 

43.581  37.41 

80.99 

1. 22,11,819 

6233;53.80;46.20|1.50  13,834 

76971149 

88.80 

.89 

12,560 

6967 

I 

5.81 

33.08 

58.11 

91.19 

.9212,985 

7214 1 36. 28  63.72 

1          1 

1.0114,239 

7911  150 

76 


COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS    COALS. 


TABLE  XV. 


Town. 


1  Assumption  ... 

2  Assumption  ... 

3  Astoria 

4  Astoria 

5  Athens 

6  Athens 

7  Auburn 

8  Auburn 

9  Auburn 

10  Auburn 

11  Bloomington  . . 

12  Bloomington  . . 

13  Bloomington  . . 

14  Bloomington  . . 

15  Braceville 

16  Braceville 

17  Braidwood 

18  Braidwood 

19  Breese 

20  Breese 

21  Bush  

22  Bush  

23  Buxton 

24  Cable 

25  Cable 

26  Canton 

27  Canton 

28  Cantrall 

29  Cantrall 

30  Cardiff 

31  Cardiff 

32  Carterville 

33  Carterville 

34  Carterville 

35  Catlin 

36  Catlin 

37  Centralia 

38  Centralia 

39  Collinsville 

40  Collinsville.... 

41  Cuba 

42  Cuba 

43  Cuba 

44  Cuba 

45  Danville  

46  Danville  

47  Danville  

48  Danville  

49  Dawson 

50  Dawson 

51  Decatur 

52  Donkville 

53  Donkville. 

54  DuQuoin 

55  DuQuoin 

56  Edwardsville.. 

57  Edwardsville.. 

58  Eldorado 

59  Eldorado 

60  Eldorado 

61  Eldorado 

62  Etherly 

63  Etherly 

64  Fairbury 

65  Fairbury 

66  Fairmount 

67  Farmington  ... 

68  Farmington   .., 

69  French  Village 


114 
115 
116 

117 
53 
54 
55 
56 
25 
26 
139 
J  40 


141 

142 

10 

85 

86 

15 

16 

118 

119 

46 

47 

143 

143 

150 

128 

129 

72 

73 

66 

67 

17 

18 

19 

20 

130 

131 

132 

133 

120 

121 

57 


94 
70 
71 

105 
106 
107 

108 


8.46 

7.74 

7.94 

9.34 

9.32 

10.10 

10.46 

9.38 

10.42 

10.10 

6.77 

7.56 

5.64 

6.98 

9.70 

11.86 

11.44 

10.52 

8.10 

8.83 

5.90 

4.92 

7.95 

9.02 

9.02 

11.10 

10.00 

10.02 

9.64 

11.28 

10.26 

6.04 

6.32 

3.28 

10.36 

9.90 

6.75 

5.43 

8.26 

7.74 

7.70 

9.22 

5.55 

7.28 

3.44 

8.38 

8.00 

9.30 

12.56 

11.44 

8.46 

8.08 

4.87 

8.44 


4.36 
5.04 
4  00 
12.74 
10.16 
5.30 
6.57 
7.59 
10.25 
9.62 


5.08 

12.02 

12.72 

11.30 

8.64 

13.66 

19.96 

8.94 

9.04 

11.61 

16.62 

10.78 

7.67 

12.49 

16.37 

11.63 

6  46 

17.20 

14.12 

10.74 

23.55 

8.25 

11.78 

10.20 

16.46 

10.24 

5.12 

11.09 

31.18 

8.50 

4.02 

10.61 

4.26 

14.86 

16.38 

13.17 

14.24 

11.48 

8.97 

13.55 

9.96 

10.39 

12.24 

14.84 

9.15 

11.89 

10.86 

9.39 

11.78 

13.14 

14,36 

12.54 

9.88 

13.00 

8.22 

15.58 

12.64 

12.57 

4.84 

11.78 

12.02 

12.08 

7.62 

11.79 

6.10 

11.89 

8.52 

11.66 

•5  71 

11.85 

5  02 

13.10 

18.36 

10.82 

12  41 

12.31 

11,06 

11.88 

17.68 

10.74 

9,77 

13.14 

11.14 

12.86 

10,18 

10.99 

15.68 

9.35 

13  36 

11.06 

5.65 

15.29 

19,47 

11.46 

7.06 

14.81 

9.93 

10.11 

16.94 

9.67 

8  01 

16  05 

7.40 

12.70 

8.77 

13.88 

6.52 

14.33 

10.04 

12.45 

14.40 

10.44 

15.76 

10.75 

8  90 

11.19 

23.58 

9.87 

10  88 

10.13 

20.88 

7.93 

7  86 

14.46 

25  00 

12.10 

21.50 

9.30 

10.69 

10.44 

18.69 

12.04 

12.21 

10.34 

20.18 

10.60 

8.38 

13.46 

26.28 
24.96 
23.09 
25.52 
27.71 
24.04 
26  47 
22.87i 
22  32 
25.04, 
25.80 
29.86; 
27.82! 
32.971 
18.38! 
26.71 
21,42 
18.40 
22,52 
2l'.69 
24.61 
20.  M 
24.80i 
29.45 
24.53 
23.44 
25,72 
22.73 
24.37 
27.58 
24.46 
21.39 
20.69 
20.34 
26.33 
27.65 
23.31 
25.86 
26.46 
25. 17 | 
26.051 
25.40 
30.02 
26.98 
24.00| 
30.67 
23.37 
27.03 
23.99 
18.51 
22.51 
27.16 
26.95 
21.64 
26.27 
26.49 
25.62 
22.13 
24.49 
19.23 
22.85 
22  20 
19^09 
24.46 
28.63 
24.43 
25.41 
22.44 
27.84 


48.16 
43.28 
46.67 
36.24 
42.32 
38.46 
42.91 
39.75 
43.60 
40.00 
35.63 
40.60 
39.84: 
43.84 
32.24 
46.80 
48.02 
40.53 
43.66 
46.96 
49.14 
47.20 
46.21 
40.78 
41.43 
38.56 
41.40 
43.45 
40.78 
44.52 
41.18 
53.16 
54.99 
56.30 
45.75 
44.33 
40.76 
43.99 
42.34 
38.67 
43.34 
41.38 
43.26 
40.71 
48.14 
43.01 
37.70 
41.80 
43.41 
42.44 
44.97 
44.66 
45.53 
49.07 
44.00 
40.91 
39.33 
52.10 
42.70 
49.72 
44.34 
42.74 
33.65 
39.44 
43.67 
37.25 
41.79 
37.16 
42.24 


30.3 

30.5 

27.2 

34.3 

31.9 

30.1 

32.2 

29.1 

22.7 

32.0 

34.2 

36.2 

34.9 

37.3 

27.9 

30.8 

23.4 

24.5 

26.7 

24.4 

27.9 

25.4 

28.1 

35.4 

29.5 

30.2 

32.0 

29.1 

30.3 

32.6 

30.7 

23.8 

22.4 

21.6 

31.6 

33.1 

28.1 

30.1 

31.9 

31 

31 

33.0 

35.5 

33.3 

26.2 

35. 

30.9 

33.5 

29.9 

22  4 

27^4 

3i.5 

31.0 

25.0 

31.0 

31.2 

31.9 

24.8 

25.4 

25.0 

26.3 

29.0 

29 

30.7 

34 

32.3 

32.4 

30.7 

33.2 


> 


62.24 
64.12 
55.15 
62.15 
55.17 
63.27 
56.08 
59  89 
58.77 
54.21 
63.33 
61.09 
70.17 
44.67 
67.62 
63.81 
53.66 
59.58 
62.08 
68.12 
63.39 
64.29 
63.17 
58.78 
55.31 
61.04 
61.30 
58.51 
66.03 
59.43 
69.72 
70.83 
71.87 
66.91 
66.27 
56.66 
62.85 
62.26 
56.64 
62.84 
61.81 
67.18 
60.94 
65.22 
66.94 
54.65 
62.89 
61.89 
54.80 
62.00 
65.22 
65.90 
65.35 
63.73 
59.40 
57.75 
69.28 
66.59 
56.86 
60.19 
60.13 
47.68 
56.50 
66.33 
54.96 
61.79 
53.74 
63.20 


PARR. J 


TABLE    OF    ANALYSES. 

Table  XV—  Continued. 


i  i 


Town. 


o 

>r 

PC 

M 

0 

s. 

n 

£ 

5 

3 

7" 

70  French  Village...  102  8.12 

71  Grape  Creek 135  11  B5 

72  Grape  Creek 136  11.57 

73  Greenview 81  9.46 

74  Greenview 82  9.58 

75  Greenridge 60  10.24 

76  Greenridge 61  8.38 

77  Harrisburg 109  4.20 

78  Harrisburg 110  3.76 

79  Harrisburg Ill  3.70 

80  Harrisburg 112  4.10 

81  Harrisburg 113  4.72 

82  Herrin   145  5.00 

83  Herrin   146  5.87: 

84  Herrin   147  5.46 

85  Herrin   148  6.00 

86  Holies 91  7.86 

87  Holies 92  8.04 

88  Kanglev 35  7.68 

89  Kangley 36  5.81 

90  Kewanee 29  10.16 

91  Kewanee 30  9.99 

92  Ladd 1  7.04 

93  Ladd 2  6.60 

94  LaSalle 37  7.54 

95  LaSalle j  38  7.87 

96  LaSalle 39  7.56 

97  Lauder 149  6.35 

98  Lincoln 50  10.64 

99  Lincoln 51  10.44 

100  Litchfield 89  7  94 

101  Litchfield 90  9.22 

102  Marissa.. 103  7.78 

103  Marissa 104  7.15j 

104  Moweaqua 126  8.07 

105  Moweaqua 127  9.19 

106  Mt.  Olive 62  9.30 

107  Mt.  Olive 63  9.62 

108  Mt.  Pulaski 52  11.98 

109  Murphysboro 31  4.96 

110  Murphysboro 32  6.21 

111  Mid   letown  83  10.04 

112  Middletown  84  10.37 

113  Niantic 58  10.38 

114  Niantic 59  11.01 

115  Norris 23  11.78 

116  Norris 24  9.44 

117  Odin 74  8.52 

118  Odin 75  6.92 

119  Oglesby  40  10.28 

120  Oglesbv  41  8.28 

121  Pana  . .' 5  9.00 

122  Pana 6  8.06 

123  Pana  7  7.80 

124  Pincknevville  ....  95  7.54 

125  Pincknevville  ....  96  7.26 

126  Riverton 122  3.38 

127  Sandoval 76  5.511 

128  Sherrard  87  9.601 

129  Sherrard  88  7.84 

130  Sparta 97  7.44 

131  Sparta 98  7.09 

132  Springfield 123  4.741 

133  Springfield 124  11.32 

134  Springfield 125  11.56 

135  Streator 42  8.47 

136  Streator 43  7.96 

137  Streator 44  6.88 

138  Streator 45.  5  52 


16.21 
5.90 
5.14 
8.11 

14.26 
5.30 

21.14 
5.50 
7.01 

15.80 
6.76 

14.28 

10.62 
6.36 

11.17 
5.46 


8.50 

22.60 

6.64 

7.0* 

8.99 

8.04 

5.10 

14.20 

8.08 

17.80 

15.00 

8.58 

13.84 

5.96 

7.34 

13.77 

10.78 

10.16 

4.53 

14.55 

12.10 

'4.39 

4.72 

9.90 

19.20 

9.14 

15.16 

14.18 

19.70 

9.82 

15.95 

4.09 

17.54 

8.30 

18.66 

8.74 

7.30 

22  22 

uL46 

11  94j 

8.82 

18.39 

8.64 

8.93 

11.34 

12.96 

12.16 

11.98 

6.35 

9.57; 

5.40! 


12.18 
11.11 
13.27 

10  94 
12.24 
13.29 
10.57 
11.77 
12.56 
12.83 
12.50 
10.07 
11.37 
12.27 
10.99 
12.32 
12.66 
13.89 
11.02 

9.74 
13.36 
13.65 
14.42 
13  63 
12.72 
11.30 
12.76 
12.16 
10.89 
12.91 
12.16 
14.06 
13.26 
12.48 
13.50 
13.34 
15.25 
13.12 
10.58 
12.16 
12  00 
14.10 
11.04 
14.53 
12.95 
10.66 

8.83 
13.15 
11.27 
14.71 
10.29 
12.67 
13.98 
12  05 
17.18 
11.35 
11.34 
12.70 
10.09 
11.79 
14.41 
14.53 
12.63 
11.79 
10.77 


10  43 
11.361 


23.261 
24.38; 
21.54i 
26.68! 
24.04 
26.67 
22.41 
25.35 
23.55 
20.31 
24.67 
22.65 
20.89 
21.26 
19.97 
20.00 
30.00 
27.24 
27.92 
23.31 
23.97 
24.34 
23.88 
24  98 
32.58 
27.61 
29.02 
28.65, 
25.89 
25.97 
24.18 
24.68 
27.52| 
25.39 
23.64 
23.48 
27.14 
21.09 
23.06 
22.46 
22.29 
22.79 
22.08 
21'. 94 
21.56 
22.54 
24.85 
23.96 
24.89 
27  32 
25.63 
28.75 
99  79 

23i  79 
22.03 
20.01 
25.62 
24.11 
29.27 
24.93 
23.23 
22.22 
24.01 
25.29 
23.77 
26.15 
29.86 
28.31 
30.741 


40.23 
46.76 
48.48 
44.81 
39.88 
44.50 
37.50 
53.18 
53.12 
47.36 
51.97 
48.28 
52.62 
54.24 
52.41 
56,22 
41.80 
43.03 
44.88 
38.54 
45.87 
44.99 
45.67 
46.75 
42.06 
39.02 
42.58 
35.04 
37.58 
42.10 
41.88 
46.08 
44.10 
41.21 
44.01 
43.83 
43.78 
41.62 
42.28 
56.03 
54.78 
43.17 
37.31 
44.01 
39.32 
40.84 
37.18 
44.55 
40.97 
43.60 
38.26 
41 .28 
37.44 
39.74 
45.96 
39.16 
43.20 
45.74 
42.22 
37.05 
46.28 
47.23 
47.28 
38.64 
41.74 
13.52 
45.85 
44.81 
46.98' 


28.8 
28.3 
31.6 
30.9 
32.1 
30.6 
27.1 

25  2 
23.5 
27.1 
25.4 
21.6 
23.4 
21.6 
21.4 
36.3 
32.3 
31.9 
28.6 
28.2 
27.9 
28.6 
28.6 
37.7 
34.8 
33.6 
40.6 
34.1 
32.3 
29.9 
29.6 
31.9 
30.7 
27.9 
27.9 
31.2 
25.5 
28.8 
24.1 
24  4 
28.4 
30.1 
26.0 
27.9 
30.5 
34.6 
28.3 
30.4 
32.6 
31  8 
34.8 
36.8 
31.7 

26  2 
26.7 
26.4 
29.7 
28.3 
34.7 
31  7 
27.4 
24.5 
27.1 
32.1 
28.4 
29.8 
33.1 
32.0 
33  5 


56.46 
65.19 
65.46 
57.71 
65 .  55 
53.96 
72.97 
70.99 
61.87' 
71.25 
64  73 
67.15 
70.79 
66.89 
71.53 
65.59 
63.60 
65.90 
53.99 
63.88 
62.39 
64.01 
65.50 
67.58 
59.85 
64.07 
58.92 
57.05 
62.19 
59.71 
65.44 
64.81 
59  43 
61.07 
60.77 
63.61 
55.82 
59.41 
73.82 
72.48 
60.28 
53.36 
51.47 
54.58 
57.32 
56.82 
62.16 
58.86 
64.68 
56.12 
63.24 
62. 80 
54.76 
65.7) 
62.72 
53.20 
61.40 
63.80 
64.79 
54.20 
63.69 
62.57 
64.90 
56.87 
58.29 
62.00 
68.50 
65.82 
70  67 


3.03 
3.52 
3.62 
3.17 
3.64 
2.95 
3.92 
3.87 
3.40 
3.84 
3.50 
3.64 
3.88 
3.64 
3.87 
3.80 
3.54 
3.66 
2.90 
3.46 
3.37 
3.45 
3.53 
4.02 
3.43 
3.61 
3.63 
3.25 
3.46 
3.25 
3.55 
3.58 
3.24 
3.28 
3.27 
3.51 
3.03 
3.20 
4.05 
3.97 
3.25 
2.90 
3  21 
2.95 
3.13 
3.23 
3.35 
3.20 
3  62 
3.11 
3.59 
3.66 
3.02 
3.56 
3.38 
2.87 
3.32 
3.45 
3.68 
3.00 
3.42 
3.43 
3.49 
3.16 
3.14 
3.37 
3.83 
3.64 
3.98- 


4.00 
2.43 
2.41 
3.04 
1.98 
3.00 
1.64 
1.81 
2.40 
1.55 
2.70 
2  " 
"^83 
1.85 
.82 
2.41 
3.13 
3.24 
4.96 
2.50 
2.57 
2.10 
2.70 
3.04 
3.35 
3.92 
1.14 
3.17 
2.44 
3.10 
1.77 
3.23 
3.93 
3.30 
3.27 
3.80 
3.86 
2.73 
.62 
.62 
2.43 
3.13 
3.27 
3.35 
1.93 
1.98 
3.00 
3.80 

2  62 
4.66 
3.20 
2.96 
3.45 

.75 
1.88 
3.10 
4.10 
2.60 
3.02 
4.78 
2.40 
3.45 
2.90 
3.90 
4.08 
4.30 

3  38 
3.66 
3.07 


78 


COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS    COALS. 


[BULJ 


Table  XV—  Concluded. 


Town. 


> 

sr 

n 

< 

c 

p> 

o 

13.15 

11.06 

7.73 

12.26 

20.19 

11.43 

15.28 

11.88 

8.08 

16.12 

9.87 

14.21 

2.32 

12.20 

13.14 

9.51 

5.82 

13.91 

7.30 

12.06 

29.35 

10.00 

5.36 

10.54 

H 

► 

o 

70  < 

B 

s& 

P 

PS 

-1 

cr 

:  g 
:    n 

o 

:   =r 

a 

•  «< 

.   & 

•    0 

62.12 

3.37 

64.76 

3.50 

55.28 

3.02 

58.99 

3.26 

60.75 

3.28 

59.67 

3.24 

69.98 

3.77 

61.06 

3.31 

64.74 

3.50 

65,21 

3.53 

46.35 

2  59 

66.89 

3.67 

1 

139  Tilden 

140  Tilden 

141  Trenton, 

142  Trenton 

143  Virden 

144  Virden 

145  Wenona 

146  Wenona 

147  S.  Westville... 

148  S.  Westville... 

149  S.  Wilmington 

150  S.  Wilmington 


99 

7.17 

100 

8.68 

11 

8.76 

12 

9.47 

64 

10.27 

65 

10.21 

77 

10.94 

78 

10.31 

137 

11.20 

138 

11.06 

27 

7.80 

28 

11.44 

23.64 
24.80 
16.57 
18.10 
22.13 
23.39 
24.39 
23.98 
21.95 
23.28 
18.84 
26.55 


44.98 
46.53 
43.05 
45.27 
43.40 
42.32 
50.15 
43.06 
47.12 
46.30 
34.01 
46.11 


27.6 
28.2 
22.2 
23.3 
28.5 
29.1 
28.4 
29.5 
27.2 
29.0 
26.7 
31.0 


3d 

1. 

1 
2. 

.7 
2.6 


3.9 
2. 


TESTS  WITH  ILLINOIS  COALS  UNDER  STEAM 
BOILERS. 

(By  L.  P.  Breckenridge.  i 

The  following  is  a  brief  review  of  a  number  of  boiler  trials  with 
various  Illinois  coals  made  by  the  Mechanical  Engineering  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Illinois.  The  tests  were  made  at  the 
different  power  plants  of  the  University  and  neighboring  towns  The 
conditions  under  which  the  tests  were  made  were  usually  those  ordi- 
narily obtaining  at  the  different  plants,  and  it  is  fair  to  assume  that 
they  represent  average  conditions  throughout  the  State.  The  tests 
were  made  by  students  of  the  department,  sometimes  for  instructional 
purposes  and  sometimes  for  investigational  purposes  as  thesis  work. 

The  coals  used  were  for  the  most  part  those  in  common  use  at  the 
plants,  although  in  some  cases  special  coals  were  used  to  obtain  their 
evaporative  efficiency  under  a  boiler.  There  were  thirty-five  different 
coals  tested,  representing  fourteen  counties  of  the  State. 

The  following  types  of  boilers  were  used  in  these  trials : 

( 1;     Stirling  water- tube  boilers 2  setting's. 

(2)     National  water-tube  boiler    2 

Fleine  water- tube  boiler 1 

(4)  Babcock  and  Wilcox  water- tube  boiler 8 

(5)  Horizontal  tubular  boiler 11 

The  settings  of  these  boilers  included  the  following: 

One  Murphy  smokeless  furnace. 

One  Roney  automatic  stoker. 

Two  Green  chain  grate  stokers. 

One  Babcock  and  Wilcox  chain  grate  stoker. 

One  Brightman  stoker. 

All  other  tests  were  made  with  hand- fired  furnaces  and  plain  or 
rocking  grates. 

The  results  of  these  tests  are  shown  in  Tables  I  and  II,  the  tests 
being  arranged  according  to  the  counties  in  which  the  coals  were 
mined.  Table  I  gives  the  conditions  under  which  the  tests 
were  made.  Table  II  gives  some  of  the  more  important 
results.  The  headings  need  no  special  explanation.  Where  a  series 
of  tests  was  made  with  the  same  coal  under  like  conditions,  the  aver- 
age of  the  series  is  reported  together  with  the  number  of  tests  in  the 
series.  Where  assumptions  were  made,  they  have  been  indicated  in 
the  tables. 

A.  more  detailed  report  of  these  tests  may  be  found  in  Bulletin  No. 
7  of  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of  Illinois, 
which  also  contains  the  chemical  analysis  and  heating  values  of  Illi- 
nois coals. 

79 

— 6  G  S 


cSO 


COMPOSITION    OF    ILLINOIS    COALS. 


[BULL.  3 


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Temperature  of  feed 
water. 


Force  of  draf  between 
damper  and  boiler. 


Steam  pressure,  gauge. 


Water  heating  surface. 


Grate  surface. 


Duration  of  trial. 


5H 


Q 

« 

d  w 

o 
w 

Ph 


Fahr. 


°  Fahr. 

Inches 
water. 

Lbs.  per 
sq. in. 


Sq.  ft. 


Sq.  ft. 


Hours. 


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81 


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82 


COMPOSITION   OF    ILLINOIS   COAL. 


[BULL  3. 


Ph 
A 

hH 
hH 

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hH*^ 

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w  : 

OcO 
■   H£ 

*g 

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1— 1 

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cq 


Efficiency  of  boiler,  including 
grate. 


B.  T.  U.  per  pound  of  dry  coal. 


£H 


Per  pound  of 
combustible. 


Per  pound  of  dry 
coal. 


Per  square  foot  of 
water-heating 
surface  per  hour. 


Percentage  of  rated  horse- 
power developed. 


Horsepower  developed  by 
boiler. 


Dry   coal    per   square  foot  of 
grate  surface  per  hour. 


Number  of  tests  averaged. 


33  a 


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INDEX. 


INDEX. 


A  Page   I 

I 
American  Chemical  Socie  y 56,63  ! 

Analyses  of  coal 42, 

47,  48,  68, 69, 70, 7 1 ,  72, 73, 74, 75 ,  76,  77, 78 

Ash  in  coal 23   I 

Assumption,  coal  at 21   [ 

Available  hydrogen 37 


B 


Bain,  H.  F.,  letter  of  transmittal 9 

Bement,  A.,  acknowledgement  to 9,11 

distribution  of  coal  beds  of  the  State.  19 

Big  Muddy  Coal 21 

Blue  Band  Coal 19 

Boiler  trials  of  Illinois  coals 16, 79 

Bond  county,  coal  production 14 

Breckenridge.L.  P.,  acknowledgements 

to 9,16 

tests  of  Illinois  coals  under  steam 

boilers 79 

Brown  county,  coal  production 14 

Bureau  county,  coal  production 14 

Bureau  of  coal  statistics,  cited 16 

Bureau  of  labor  statistics,  acknowledge- 
ments to  9,13 


Calorific  value  of  coals 63, 

64,68,69.70,71,72,73,74,75 

Calhoun  county,  coal  production 14 

Campbell,  M.R.,  cited 50 

Cass  county,  coal  production 14 

Chatham,  coal  at 19 

Chicago  coal  consumption 16 

Christian  county,  coal  in 19, 21 

production 14 

Classification  of  coals 49, 50, 53, 54 

Clinton  county,  coal  production 14 

Coal  beds,  general  section 11 

Coal  fields  of  Illinois,  extent  of 10 

Coal  measu  es.  divisions  of 10 

Coal  reserves 15 

Combustible  in  coal 31 

Comparison  of  calorific  factors 67 

Composition  of  coal 22, 27 

Composition  and  character  of  Illinois 

coals,  by  S.  W.  Parr 27 


D  Page 

Danville,  coal  near 22 

Permian  near 10 

Decomposition  by  decay 27 

by  distillation 28,37 

Determination  of  volatile  matter 57 

Discovery  of  coal  in  Illinois 11 

Distribution  of  the  coal  beds  of  the  State, 

by  A.  Bement 19 

Dry  coal 23 

E 

Eastei n  coals  in  Illinois 16 

Edgar  county,  coal  production 14 

Engineering  experiment  station  work 

on  coals 9,16,79 

F 

Fixed  carbon 25, 56 

Franklin  county,  coal  in 22 

production 14 

Frazer,  P.,  cited ...  49,50 

Fulton  county,  coal  in 21 

production 14 

Furnaces  for  testing  coals 79 

Future  coal  production 15 

G 

Gallatin  county,  coal  production 14 

Gas  coals 36 

Grape  creek  coal 22 

Greene  county,  coal  production 14 

Grout,  F.  F.,  work  of 17 

Growth  of  coal  production 13 

Grundy  county,  coal  production 14 

H 

Hamilton  county,  production  of 14 

Hancock  county,  production  of 14 

Henry  county,  production  of 14 

Hersey,  Milton,  cited 60 

History  of  Illinois  coal  production 11 

Hydrogen  in  coal 37,39,46 

Hydrogen ,  volatile  carbon  ratios 39 


INDEX. 


85 


I  Page 

Increase  of  coal  production > —  15 

Indiana  coals  sold  in  Illinois 16 

Inert  volatile  matter 46,69 

Intensity  of  coal  production 15 

J 

Jackson  county,  coal  in 19 

early  mining  in 11 

production  of 14 

Jefferson  county  coal  production 14 

J  ersey  county  coal  production 14 

Johnson  county  coal  production 14 

K 

Kankakee  county  coal  production 14 

Kent,  S.,  cited 63 

Knox  county  coal  production 14 

L 

LaSalle,  coal  at 21,22 

LaSalle  county  coal  production 14 

Letter  of  transmittal 9 

Lignite 32 

Livingston  county,  coal  in 21 

production 14 

Logan  county  coal  production 14 

Lord  and  Haas,  cited 42, 43, 63 

Loss  in  formation  of  coal 29 

Lower  coal  measures 10 

M 

M aeon  county  coal  production 14 

Macoupin  county,  coal  in 19 

production 14 

Madison  county  coal  production 14 

Mahler  bonb 63, 65 

Mahoming  coal,  analysis  of 49 

Mansfield  sandstone 10 

Marion  county  coal  production 14 

Markets  for  Illinois  coals 16 

M  arshall  county  coal  production 14 

McDonough  county  coal  production  . .  14 

McLean  county  coal  production 14 

Mechanical  engineering  dept,  U.  of  I..  79 

Menard  county,  coal  in 14 

production 14 

Mercer  county,  coal  in  21 

production 14 

M ethods  of  analysis 55 

M  ichigan  coals,  analysis  of 49 

M ichigan  geological  survey,  cited 42, 45 

Moist  coal 23 

Moisture  in  coal  10, 23 

Montgomery  county  coal  production ...  14 

Morgan  county  coal  production 14 

Moses,  Tom,  work  by 17 

Murphysboro,  coal  at 21 


N  Page 

Non-combustible  volatile  matter 31,46 

Numbers  of  coal  beds 19 

N  umber  1  coal 20 

2  coal 20 

3  coal 21 

4coal 21 

5  coal 19.20,21,22 

6  coal 19,20,21,22 

7coal i...  21,22 

O 

Ohio  (Mahoming)  coal 49 

Ottawa,  early  mining  near 11 

Outline  classification  of  coals 52 

P 

Parr,  S.  W.,  acknowledgements  to 9 

calorimeter 66 

cited 24 

Composition  and  character  of  Illi- 
nois coals '. 27 

Parker,  E.  W.,  history  of  coal  production  11 

Peoria  county,  coal  in 21 

production  14 

Percentages  of  sulphur  in  Illinois  coals.  63 

Permiam  near  Danville 10 

Pocahontas  coal 3 

Proximate  analyses 24, 51, 58 

Pure  coal 23 

Putnam  county,  coal  production 14 

R 

Randolph  county  coal  production  14 

Rock  Island  county  coal  production 14 

Ross,  David,  acknowledgements 13 

Rutledge,  J.  J.,  work  of 17 

S 

St.  Clair  county,  early  mining  in 11 

production  14 

St.  Louis  tests  on  coal 42,47,52,53 

Saline  county,  coal  in 20, 22 

production 14 

Sandoval  coal,  analyses 56, 57 

Sangamon  county,  coal  in  19, 20, 21 

production  14 

Schuyler  co   nty  coal  production 14 

Scott  county  coal  production 14 

Shelby  county  coal  production 14 

Springfield, coal  at 21 

Stark  county  coal  production 14 

Streator, coal  near 22 

Studies  of  coal 15 

Sulphur  in  coal 63 

Surveys  of  coal  fields 15 

T 

Tazewell  county  coal  production 14 

Tests  of  Illinois  coal 79 

Thacker  ( W.  Va.)  coal  analysis 49 


86 


INDEX. 


U  Page 

Ultimate  analyses  of  coal 68 

Upper  coal  measures 10 

Utilization  of  coal 15 

U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  acknowledge- 
ments to 12 

coal  tests  by 42,47,53,54 

V 

Van  Horn, Frank, statistics  by 12 

Variations  from  bituminous  type 41 

Vermilion  county,  coal  in 22 

production  of 14 

Volatile  matter  in  coals 25, 31, 39, 50, 57 


W  Page 

Warren  County,  coal  production 

Washington  county,  coal  production .... 

Water  of  composition  in  coals 24 

West  Virginia  coals 

White  county, coal  production 

Will  county,  coal  production 

Williamson  county,  coal  in 

production  

Woodford  county, coal  production 


LIBRARY  CATALOGUE  SLIPS. 

[Mount  each  slip  upon  a  separate  card,  placing-  the  subject  at  the  top  of 
the  second  slip.  The  name  of  the  series  should  not  be  repeated  on  the 
Series  card,  but  the  additional  numbers  should  be  added,  as  received,  to 
the  first  entry.  1 


Parr,  S.  W. 

.  Composition  and  character  of  Illinois  Coals,  by 

c    S.  AY.  Parr,  Urbana.  University  of  Illinois,  1906;  with  chapters  on 
The  Distribution  of  the  Coal  Beds  of  the  State,  by  A. 
<  Bement,  and  Tests  of  Illinois  Coals  under  Steam 

Boilers,  by  L.  P.  Breckenridge. 

86,  v.  p.     (16  fig.  5  pi.)     (State  Geological  Survey.     Bulletin  no.  ?>.) 


Parr,  S.  W. 

Composition  and  Character  of  Illinois  Coals,  by 

S.  W.  Parr,  Urbana,  University  of  Illinois,  1906:  the  Distribution 
of  the  Coal  Beds  of  the  State,  by  A.  Bement,  and  Tests 
of  Boilers,  by  L.  P.  Breckenridge. 

86,  v.  p.     (16  fig.   5  pi.)     (State  Geological  Survey.     Bulletin  no.  3.) 


State  Geological  Survey 

Bulletins. 


2   no.  3.     Parr,  S.  W.     Composition  and  Character  of  Illinois  Coals, 
x  1906;  with  chapters  on  The  Distribution  of 

the  Coal  Beds  of  the  State,  by  A.  Bement. 
and  Tests  of  Illinois  Coals  under  Steam 
Boilers,  by  L.  P.  Breckenridge. 


